1. AP European History Mr. Stepek
Era of Global Exchange
AP European History
Mr. Stepek

2. Prince Henry the Navigator
Motivations for exploration (3 Gs)
Religious (God)
Save the souls of those who don’t know Christ
Economic (Gold)
Portugal wants trade route to Asia
want gold, pepper and cloves
avoid Italian “middle-men”
Social (Glory)
Many explorers/conquistadors are second sons not eligible to inherit
primogeniture
How do they make a name for themselves….IN THE NEW WORLD!!!
Prince Henry the Navigator

3. New Navigational Technology
Innovations of exploration
Astrolabe
“one that catches the heavenly bodies”
determines latitude at sea
Replaced w/cheaper “quadrant”
Magnetic compass
provides direction
Portolani – accurate maps based on compass readings
Spain/Portugal = state secrets
Caravel
Sternpost rudder/lanteen sails allow ships to sail easier into the wind

4. Barthomeu Dias (1488): reaches Cape of Good Hope
Vasco de Gama (1497):
reaches India

5. Christopher Columbus Italian (Genoa) Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
finance voyage
1492
Conquest fueled by veterans of the Reconquista.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of animals, plants, culture, human pop. and disease between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.

7. Magellan circumnavigates the globe

8. Conquistadors
Hernan Cortes (1521)
Francisco Pizarro ( )

9. How do a few hundred Europeans conquer advanced civilizations like the Aztec and the Inca?
Better military technology:
Horses, guns and gunpowder
Native Americans have no immunity to diseases like small pox and measles

10. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

11. Spanish rule in the New World
Political
Economic
Encomiendas (land grants) become haciendas (plantations)
granted to Spaniard by king
Grow sugar
Silver and gold mines
Enslave Native Americans
Many die from brutality
Forced relocation
Early missionaries try to protect natives
Later become part of status quo
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Splits new worlds between Spain and Portugal
Spain rules Viceroyalties
Council of the Indies
Viceroys
King’s representative

12. Bartolomé de las Casas Settler/slave owner “Protector of the Indians”
Sees injustice, converts
“Protector of the Indians”
Suggests African slaves instead
Unintended consequence
Atlantic Slave Trade
Later retracts
New Laws of the Indies (1542)
Abolishes
native slavery
encomienda system
Largely ignored

13. Impact of the Columbian Exchange
New World
Old World
Dramatic population decline
> 90% decline
Later recovery due to European and African migration
Landscape transformed
Deforestation
Sugar plantations
Domesticated animals dominate
Horses, cattle, pigs, etc.
New cultures result
“Mexicans” = Native + Spanish
Mestizos, mulattoes
Slavery
million Africans forced into bondage
Population increase
Fueled by new crops
Potatoes/corn
Economic effects
Influx of precious metals
causes inflation
investment in industry
social class divisions
owners of industry, bankers grow rich
Poor suffer under inflation

14. Atlantic Slave Trade

15. Atlantic Slave Trade Triangular Trade 12 – 15 million
part of Triangular Trade
Europe → Africa
Manufactured goods, guns, liquor, trinkets
Africa → New World
slaves
“Middle Passage” brutal
New World → Europe
Raw materials
New Racism
Africans = inferior/property

16. Mercantilism Economic system
underpinning exploration, colonialism and absolutism
Goal: acquire more gold/silver for the treasury
Positive balance of trade
Export more than you import
Acquire colonies
Source of raw materials, “captive” markets
Colonies exist for the benefit of the “mother” country
Build a strong navy to protect them
Expand domestic manufacturing, encourage commerce
Tariffs and subsidies
Zero sum concept (someone must lose for you to win)