1. Leadership Roles
HPR 323
Chapter 4

2. Types of Leadership Roles
Face-to-face leadership
Supervisory leadership,
Managerial leadership,
Civic or community leadership.
The chapter discusses the leadership roles applicable to recreation, parks and leisure services from leading participants to the community as a whole
As a leader goes from Face-to-face to supervisor to administrator the relationship between technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills changes
Rec and Leisure leaders lead from face-to-face delivering services to the community as a whole

3. Levels of Leadership & Professional Skills
Leadership Levels Skill Needs
The administrator
Conceptual Skills
The supervisor
Human Skills
Technical Skills
The face-to-face leader
Technical skills are necessary for a leader to be competent to perform the task they are leading
Human skills are how a leader relates to others, requires effective communication, problem-solving and decision-making skills.
Conceptual skills are necessary to understand the overall goals of the organization and the role the leader plays in meeting the goals.

4. Types of Direct, Face-to-Face leadership
Leader as instructor – The instructional Leader attempts to teach the participants various skills, knowledge, and attitudes during a program activity
Leader as counselor – works in diverse setting such as summer camps and is designated to advise an individual or group concerning behaviors, activities, values, and decisions
Leader as coach – one who facilitates team leadership.
Face-to-face leaders work directly with people ---- obvious, direct, and influential leader
ie. Games, songs, dance, drama, special events, arts and crafts, tours, tournaments, conferences, social events, events at community center
3 general yet diverse direct face-to-face roles above
Instructor – When the participants need to learn a skill ----must teach safely and correctly but with interest and enthusiasm
Must be able to modify/adapt an activity based on participants’ limitations. ----Innovative and flexible
Counselor- Advises an individual or group concerning behaviors, activities, values, decisions, etc (ie. Camp counselor could be most versatile ---acting as parent, teacher, friend, confidant)
Leisure Counselor – TR – one of most educated and experienced – assist clients in finding ways to add meaning to their life through leisure experiences. Work 1:1 and trained in counseling methods, leisure opportunities, scope of leisure, leisure activities and leisure values
Youth workers – often inner cities – role model, organizer, counselor
Coach – Facilitates team leadership ---competitive, fundraising, etc that requires a cooperative effort to “win”
Perpetuate group spirit and celebrate individual accomplishments in their assigned role that help the “team”

5. Counselor
Advises and individual or group concerning behaviors, activities, values, decisions, etc.
Camp Counselor – Most versatile of all face-to-face leaders
In loco parentis – (rest, bathing, eating, cleanliness, etc.)
Parent, teacher, friend, confidant
Leisure Counselor
Outreach/Youth Counselor

6. Coach Arouse enthusiasm Direct specific actions Demand discipline
Arouse positive, goal oriented emotions
Resolve personality differences
Teach skills
Coaches responsible for: liability, medical fitness of the players, safe facilities, care of injuries, discipline, personal and emotional control
Knowledge of: hydration, rules, etc, etc……
May be autocratic at times – rules, money, delegating assignments
May be democratic – new projects, uniforms, brainstorming for new ideas, discussing alternative recruitment strategies
Can’t be laissez faire

7. Other roles of the direct leader
Policymaker
Planner
Organizer
Resource Person
Stimulator
Referee
Disciplinarian
Group Symbol
Spokesperson
In Loco Parentis
Policy Maker – help group make decisions relating to goals, membership, meeting time and place, dues, etc
Planner – Help group develop specific plans for activities, programs, trips, special events, etc
Organizer – Help group evolve ways of structuring themselves and making concrete plans for action
Resource Person – Source of information, knowledge, skills and contacts
Stimulator – Inspiring and helping get things going ---source of ideas, suggestions and motivation
Referee – Help the group resolve conflicts and disagreements
Disciplinarian – in a constructive sense, help members develop rules and control ---exert control when necessary
Group Symbol – an image or model who group members admire and respect and display values they emulate
Spokesperson – to either the sponsoring agency or the community at large
In loco parentis – acting in place of or instead of a parent --- acting in the best interest of

8. Supervisory (Middle Management) Leadership Responsibilities
Teaching & leading
Selection of staff
In-service training
Scheduling staff
Evaluation
Providing resources
Linking administrative & functional levels
Directing, controlling, & taking corrective action
Initiating
Setting the pace
Informing
Supporting
Evaluating
Must have Technical knowledge and human relation skills
Must have ability to encourage, stimulate, motivate, evaluate their subordinates
Lead by example -
Training- orientation, job-specific, up to date knowledge, general career development

9. Managerial Leadership Considerations
Creating: The leader as animator
Building: The leader as a creator of culture
Maintaining: The leader as the sustainer of culture
Changing: The leader as the change agent
Organization’s top management – executives, administrators ---provide overall direction
Most organizations have vertical organizational structures
At top ---authority, information, decision-making moves down through supervisors and departments
Managerial Leadership is broader, more expansive and conceptual
Creating – Getting an organization off the ground – energy and personal convictions flow down to the subordinates and breathe life into the organization
Building – Transfer the organization’s beliefs, values and basic assumptions to that of the subordinates ---Model behavior the subordinates should copy so they will internalize the organizations beliefs, values and basic assumptions
Maintaining – As organizations grow someone must be responsible for financial planning, marketing and human resources. May need to consolidate elements to allow for growth and institutionalize successful elements to allow for stability and permanence
Changing – Acquire new concepts and skills and release things that no longer work. Build on strengths and let weaknesses atrophy

10. Civic or Community Leadership
Board members
Commissioners
Advisory group members
Volunteers in programs dealing with youth sports, older persons, or cultural arts
Represent needs of the community, provide info on distribution of resources and promote the work of the agency.
Many levels of leaders