1. 1800s Reform Movements

2. Abolition
Abolitionists believed that slavery was a sin and called for it to be immediately abolished
Prominent abolitionist leaders included Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglas, and William Lloyd Garrison
Many will believe that these abolitionists are too radical, this includes Abraham Lincoln

3. Nat Turner Rebellion
In 1831 Nat Turner is going to lead an uprising in Southampton County, Virginia
About whites were killed by blacks during this uprising
It was put down within days
This will cause many whites to become fearful
About 55 slaves were executed for supposedly having been involved
Many more blacks were murdered by mobs and militias

4. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

5. William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)
Slavery & Masonry undermined republican values.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.
R2-4

6. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
He escaped from slavery and became a leader in the abolitionist movement
He was a great orator and writer
This further proved that slaves were not intellectually inferior to whites
Most famous work is his autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave

7. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”

8. The Underground Railroad

9. Temperance= Movement Against Alcohol
Religious based Social Reform Movement
“The church must take… on subject of Temperance, the moral reform, all the subjects of practical morality.”
Crime, disorder, poverty→ caused by alcoholism
Drinking was especially a problem for Women- husband abuse them, and kids, and drank away the money.

10. Temperance 1826 American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
Preached abstinence
Will later evolve into national movement
Women’s Christian Temperance Union 1878
Anti-Saloon League 1880s
Eventually, under Progressives, will lead to prohibition of Alcohol 18th Amendment to the Constitution last

11. Asylum and Prison Reforms
Rehabilitation is the key
Asylum=mental health
Prison= criminals
Rise of the Penitentiary
“A place to cultivate penitence”
Through discipline
Problem- Mentally ill and criminals kept in terrible conditions
Reform is key
Dorothea Dix
Some progress

12. Education Public Education not widely established
Some progress in Massachusetts
New interest in Pub Ed
To create a stable social values=conformity
Horace Mann is the leader

13. Education
Mann
“An educated electorate is essential to the working of a free Political system.”
Education “only way to counter…the tendency to domination of capital and servility of labor.”
Advocated protestant values- thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, respect for authority
Not wide spread change comes from this movement.

14. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
R3-6

15. Feminism Women were active in reform and Revival- 2nd Great Awakening
Temperance
Abolition
Women’s rights
Many women begin to call for women’s rights
“Men and women were created equal. They are both moral and accountable beings and whatever is right for man to do is right for women to do.”

16. Women’s Rights Movement
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Strong connection between Women’s Rights and Abolition movement

17. Seneca Falls Convention 1848
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Lucretia Mott
Fredrick Douglass
Declaration of Sentiments
Emulated Declaration of Independence

18. Transcendentalism The ultimate truth transcends the physical world
TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the primacy of the SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL and EMPIRICAL
According to Kant, there are some ideas and aspects of knowledge which are beyond what the senses can perceive,
but are INTUITIONS of the mind itself – he named them TRANSCENDENTAL FORMS
The TRANSCENDENT is the fundamental reality
The ultimate truth transcends the physical world

19. Transcendentalists New England
Reaction against traditional Logic and Enlightenment- non-conformist values
Independent thinking
Referred to reason as the ability to grasp beauty and truth through---
→ Instinct and Emotion
(the highest human faculties)

20. The Transcendentalist Agenda
Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.

21. Ralph Waldo Emerson
Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to Transcendentalism
Wrote Essays, Lectures, Very Popular
Advocated the commitment of the individual to full exploration of the inner capacities.

22. Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) “The American Scholar” (1837)
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Henry David
Thoreau
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
“The American Scholar” (1837)
R3-1/3/4/5

23. Second Great Awakening
Similar to First Great Awakening:
Recall- Evangelists (Preachers) “Sinners in the hands of and Angry God”
Jonathan Edwards 1741
Popular
Revival Meetings→Camps
WASPs
New Religious Sects→ Baptists and Methodists
Revivals increase popularity of reform movements

24. Second Great Awakening Widespread Christian Movement
Revivals = “giving new life,” to bring back to life specifically Popular Religion (1830s)
Second Great Awakening
Widespread Christian Movement
Revival meetings= new life
Emotional Sermons
Increased the amount of people participating in churches (particularly women)
Abolition and Temperance movement are directly linked to 2nd Great Awakening
Spread Christian ideas of equality and morality.

25. Mormons Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS)
Joseph Smith (prophet for Mormons)
1830s Book of Mormon
Translation of set of Golden Tablets

26. Mormons Continued Smith creates the movement and obtains converts
Rigid way of life:
Polygamy
Secrecy
Life Style (very prescriptive, foods, behavior)
Smith Arrested and killed by mob
Brigham Young takes the 12,000 converts WEST to Utah