1. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering Session 19 Solar+Storage Systems
SEC598F18
Photovoltaic Systems Engineering
Session 19
Solar+Storage Systems
Stand-Alone Systems, part 1
November 07, 2018

2. Session 19 content Stand-Alone PV Systems Scale of stand-alone systems
Design basics
Inverter and battery selection
BOS components

3. Learning Outcomes
An examination of the original photovoltaic systems at small scale (solitary electrical components).

4. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Examples of stand-alone PV systems
Solar powered accent lights
Solar powered portable devices
Solar powered water pump
Solar powered fan
Solar powered lighting systems
Stand-alone refrigerator
Stand-alone residences
Stand-alone communication systems

5. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Solar powered portable devices

6. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Solar powered portable devices

7. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Solar powered fan

8. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Stand-alone (and remote) structure

9. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Stand-alone communication system

10. Stand-Alone PV Systems – Design Steps
Steps in stand-alone component design
Evaluation of solar availability, electrical consumption, essential electrical loads
Battery selection
PV array sizing
Module selection
Charge controller selection
Inverter selection
Balance of system

11. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
A friend has an old house in Phoenix with a set back garage that has limited electrical service. Upgrading the service would require extensive trenching from the service panel, which he would prefer to avoid. In this project, we shall design a stand-alone PV system designed to power a refrigerator that will be used for fermentation and aging 5-gallon containers of home-brewed beer. This beer will be Peter’s Solar IPA or something similar.

12. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
Evaluation of solar availability, electrical consumption, essential electrical loads
The Kenwood refrigerator draws about 386kWh per year (Energy Star sticker), so that it has a daily use of roughly 1.1kWh. This is consistent with its nominal power draw (200W) and 5 hours/day operation. To account for inverter losses of approximately 5% and to meet electrical surges at start, I shall choose a 300W pure sine wave inverter:

13. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
Inverter: Aims, model pwri30012s
120 V ac, 10V-12V dc input
Load on the batteries would be :
where the refrigerator load is adjusted by the inverter losses (0.95) and approximate wire losses (0.98).

14. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
The energy capacity of the batteries has to be adjusted for round trip charge/discharge efficiency of the batteries and the depth of discharge limit. We shall use Pb-Acid batteries, so c/d (roundtrip) efficiency is about 88% and the state of charge (SOC) has to remain above 20% (or the depth of discharge less that 80%), so the adjusted load is:
We can use 12V batteries, so the daily charge capacity would be:

15. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
This is sunny Phoenix, so let’s design the system for one day of autonomy. There are many Pb-acid batteries at 12V with capacity of 75 or more Ah. Let’s use two DEKA AGM batteries with these characteristics:
Batteries: DEKA, 12V, AGM Pb-acid
Capacity at C/100: 91Ah
Capacity at C: -40F to +140F (good for use in Phoenix)
The solar modules will be mounted on the west-facing roof of the garage (ok for Phoenix, plenty of sun late of the afternoon), and according to NREL, there is an average of 6 Peak Solar Hours per day. Assuming that the output from the solar modules will be reduced by losses in the charge controller (efficiency of 85%), the readjusted energy going to the inverter is:

16. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
So the PV array must produce electrical power of this value:
There are a lot of manufacturers that produce 200+ Watt modules. So choose:
Charge Controller: Morningstar SunSaver MPPT
PV Modules: Canadian Solar 225W

17. Example 1. A stand-alone solar-powered refrigerator for home brewing.
Note: This figure (from M&A) is for illustration only. The correct component values are on the previous slides