1. RECONSTRUCTION ( )

2. Reconstruction Lasted
From
That would be 12 years and involved four presidents!

3. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA

4. Charleston, SC
April 1865

5. Charleston, SC
April 1865

6. Charleston, SC
April 1865

7. Freedom! Limitations/Needs Facing The Freedmen They Need Housing
They Need Food
They Need Clothing
They Need Jobs ?

8. Na wengi hawawezi kusoma wala kuandika!8

9. “And many can’t read or write!”
You don’t read Swahili?
Na wengi hawawezi kusoma wala kuandika! means
“And many can’t read or write!” 9

10. Freedom! The Joys Move/Travel Freely Founded Schools
Establish Religion
Marry Legally
Own Land

11. Most stay in the South. What is created to help them adjust to their new lives?

12. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

13. Carpetbag

14. Freedmen’s Bureau Developed to help former slaves
Provided food, schools, legal help, etc.

15. Freedmen’s Bureau School

16. Students standing outside a freedmen’s school known as James’ Plantation School (North Carolina)

17. Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

19. Imagine you are a White Southerner . . .
Wouldn’t you be angry that the Freedmen are getting all this help and you didn’t?
How might you react?
You might become defiant!
You might feel that you have lost power!

20. As a Result, the Freedmen’s Bureau
Could not overcome Southern hostilities
Lacked political support from both Northern and Southern government officials
Ended in 1872

22. The Freedmen are on their own now! What will happen now?

23. Sharecropping
A landowner allows person to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (50% split), but . . .
Anything borrowed and/or rent also had to be paid with the remainder of the crop

24. Tenant Farming
Only slightly better…these farmers have purchased their own equipment and only rent the land.
These two job options create: Economic Limitations

25. The Freedmen find that any power they gained with emancipation is quickly disappearing.
White Southerner’s are demanding power and the Federal Government can’t always prevent it.

26. Limits to Freedmen’s Rights
Disenfranchisement or Disfranchisement (to prevent from voting)
Formation of Hate Groups
Use Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

27. Disenfranchisement
14th/15th Amendments were SUPPOSED to prevent this from happening!
Used various methods that included
1. poll taxes 2. literacy tests 3. threats

28. Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction

29. Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate soldiers
Members wore robes and masks to look like the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.

30. Nathan Bedford Forrest – founder of the KKK and Confederate Leader (Commander at Ft. Pillow)

31. The goal of denying African-Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive laborers – also includes other groups (White League)

32. A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868) 

33. KKK Rally in Delmar, DE 1920

36. Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
Limits rights and opportunities
Limits jobs to farm work or unskilled labor
Set curfews
Establishes punishments for vagrancy (not working)

37. Black Code Sample and Jim Crow Reading

39. Slave Narrative: Fountain Hughes

40. Three Questions About Fountain Hughes
What freedoms did he experience?
What limitations did he experience?
How do you think the three different social groups will react politically, economically, and socially to Reconstruction?

42. Reintegrating the South
Problem #1 Determine the role of the freedmen

43. Problem #2 Define the role and acceptable power of former Confederates within their states and within the nation

44. Problem #3 Determine which branch of government would be responsible for overseeing reconstruction

45. 3 Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan (10%)
Johnson’s Plan
Congress’ Plan (Congressional Reconstruction or Radical Reconstruction)

46. Two Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
…..Also called the 10% plan!

47. Lincoln’s Plan
Required 10% of white men to swear allegiance (loyalty) to the constitution and the Union.
Plan included the emancipation of slaves

48. Former Confederates can run local governments
Lincoln’s Plan, cont.
Former Confederates can run local governments
10% agreement allowed full participation in the Union

49. Lincoln Plan problems…
Republicans in Congress felt this plan was way too kind!
HE DID NOT PUNISH THE REBELS! FELT LINCOLN WAS TOO EASY ON SOUTH

50. Lincoln’s Plan - PROBLEMS
No role for freed men identified
No guarantee of rights or future rights

51. Lincoln’s Plan is never implemented!
April Lincoln assassinated
13th amendment officially ends slavery in all of the United States

52. Andrew Johnson, (southern democrat, former slave owner) administered his own new policy
President!

53. The Johnson Plan
Granted amnesty (forgiveness) to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath
Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands

54. Voided secession laws and ratify the 13th amendment
Johnson’s Plan
Voided secession laws and ratify the 13th amendment
Cancelled war debts
5. Vetoed est. of Freedmen’s Bureau

55. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS
More generous to the south!
Amnesty awarded to “certain” southerners
Flawed election process (blacks excluded from voting)

56. Would not support 13th Amendment
Johnson’s Presidency
He lacked
Mandate to govern
Support of Congress
Also was anti-civil rights
Would not support 13th Amendment

57. Consider This . . . Who are not considered in the two plans?
What will the freedmen do?
How did the freedmen’s lives change?

58. Descriptions of Plans Radical = extreme in their beliefs
Moderates = mainstream views of the political party, not extreme at all We had moderate plans for reconstruction (Lincoln & Johnson), but now they change to the RADICAL version called . . .

59. Radical Reconstruction
Congress bypasses President Johnson and enacts the Reconstruction Act of passed by radical republicans -state governments declared illegal
1. south divided into 5 military districts

60. Radical Reconstruction cont…
To rejoin the Union: 2. Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all male citizens the right to vote 3. Elect a new government 4. Ratify the 14th amendment (no white southern who served as conf. soldier/official could vote on new constitution)

61. Radical Republicans in Congress see Black Codes as a way for White Southerners to get around the efforts of Congress.

62. Impeachment! Congressional power growing Johnson fires Sec. of War
-The House votes to “impeach” Johnson
(to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial)
-President escapes removal by only 1 vote

63. 13th Amendment Civil War Amendments
Unlike the Emancipation Proclamation, this change to the Constitution ends ALL slavery in the United States

64. Declared former slaves CITIZENS
Provides equal rights for ALL CITIZENS
Counted and represented as CITIZENS
Prevents former Confederates from holding office

65. 15th Amendment
Election of 1870 – many angry white southerners refused to (or couldn’t) vote
More than 600 African Americans were elected to southern legislatures and 16 black men were elected to Congress

66. The End of Reconstruction
Why did Reconstruction efforts finally end?
Heavy taxes
Corruption
Lack of northern support for racial equality
The Solid South – Southern Democrats reversed many of the reforms

67. The Compromise of 1877
Samuel Tilden wins popular vote; a dispute over electoral votes
The Democrats agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in return for the removal of all federal troops from the Southern States
Hayes’ removal of troops from the south is regarded as
the end of reconstruction!