1. The American Civil War
1861–1865
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2. A Divided Nation Comparing Northern and Southern Societies
The South had about nine million people, including about three million slaves. The average Southerner was not as wealthy as the average person living in the North. About 90 percent of American industry and railroads were in the North. Reliance on slave labor discouraged the creation of new jobs in the South. This discouraged immigration, and most immigrants settled in the North.
The North’s population was three times that of the South. Most other countries recognized the Union as the government in America. However, Britain and France had friendly relations with the Confederacy and considered aiding the South. The North also was more affluent.
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3. Value of Manufactured Goods
North
South
Economy
Value of Manufactured Goods
$1,900,000,000
Banking
Food Production
Population
31,500,000
Slavery
Cities
Roads/Canals
Railroads
31,000 miles
Weapons
Industrial, Mass Production, 74,000 factories
Agricultural, “Cotton is king,” saw no need for industry
Only 8 % of manufacturing
$152,000,000
92% of manufacturing
$1,748,000,000
Major Banks
A few banks in larger towns
80% of food grown; cash crops; wheat, fruits vegetables
20% of food grown; cotton rice, indigo, sugarcane
71% of population; 22,236,000
29% of population; 9,135,000 (1/3=slaves)
None by 1820; “Free States”
Many Slaves; “Slave states”
Many large cities
Mostly small towns
Thousands of miles of both
Few canals, poor roads
29% located in South; 8,990 miles
71% located in North, 22,010 miles
97% produced
Only 3% produced
Southern advantages – experienced generals and homefield advantage

4. The Leaders
Jefferson Davis was President of the Confederate States of America. During the Mexican War, he had been an officer in the United States Army. Davis also had served as the United States Secretary of War. When the South surrendered, he was charged with treason and prohibited from running for public office again.
Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth President of the United States. He opposed the expansion of slavery. A Republican, Lincoln led the Union during the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.
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5. The Generals Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee William T. Sherman
Thomas Jackson
George Meade
James Longstreet
George B. McClellan
James E.B. Stuart
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6. Strategies Anaconda Plan King Cotton CICERO © 2010
Union General Winfield Scott suggested the Anaconda Plan to halt Southern trade. The plan would impose a blockade. This would eventually enable the North to control the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, the army would divide and isolate sections of the South and capture its vital cities and the capital in Richmond, Virginia. Under General Ulysses S. Grant, the North’s strategy kept pressure on General Robert E. Lee’s army and constantly weakened their numbers. The larger population of the North made this possible.
King Cotton
The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy and attempted to secure alliances with more powerful countries such as Britain and France. To do that, the South needed to show it could win the war. As a result, the Confederate army attacked Union territory to draw Union troops away from the South and to impress potential allies. As the war continued, the Southern strategy became one of evading the Union army, prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to demoralize the North.
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7. Weapons of the Civil War
canister shot
artillery projectile
rifled barrel
officer’s sword
Springfield rifle, (Union)
Although the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
British Enfield rifle, (Confederacy)
Although the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
minié ball
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8. Uniforms
At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to soldiers; and the uniforms were in a variety of colors. This led to massive confusion on the battlefield, and often soldiers fired on their own men. As the war continued, both sides chose a single color for their uniforms. The United States of America chose blue, and the Confederate States of America chose gray.
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9. Major Events & Battles of the Civil War
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10. First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861
Virginia
First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861
The First Battle of Bull Run took place on July 21, General Irvin McDowell led the Union army toward Richmond, Virginia. General P.G.T. Beauregard’s Confederate troops intercepted them. The battle lasted about five hours. Confederate forces began to retreat due to losses, except General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who continued to fight until reinforcements arrived. The reenergized Confederates pushed McDowell’s forces out of the area. Union casualties were high, almost three thousand; and the Confederates suffered two thousand casualties.
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11. Suspension of Habeas Corpus 1861-1862
President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus, which allows him to arrest traitors without cause, in order to keep Maryland and other border slave states in the Union. Lincoln successfully argues that the Constitution allows him to do so in times of war.
“The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” – Article I, Section 9 of US Constitution

12. Antietam September 17, 1862 Maryland
The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 16–18, It was a confrontation between Union and Confederate forces under Generals George McClellan and Robert E. Lee. Federal armies brutalized the Confederacy; the combined casualties were more than twenty-three thousand. The Union pushed Lee and his troops back to Antietam Creek, but the stubborn Confederate general counterattacked with all his troops. The two sides fought to a standstill, and both armies withdrew.
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13. The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. It was part of a two-part plan that guaranteed freedom to slaves in the Union and some Confederate states. The Confederate government claimed Lincoln could not issue laws over states in which he had no political control. The first plan, enacted on September 22, 1862, freed slaves in Confederate states that had not yet rejoined the Union. The second part took effect on January 1, 1863, applying to specific states, but not to the border states such as Maryland and West Virginia.
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14. Vicksburg May 2-July 9, 1863 Mississippi
The lengthy Battle of Vicksburg began in Warren County on May 13, The North and the South considered Vicksburg an important stronghold. Union General Ulysses S. Grant launched massive assaults on Vicksburg and terrorized the inhabitants. Confederates achieved a minimal victory at Milliken’s Bend against untrained black troops. Federal troops pushed Confederate forces back as the size of the Union forces continued to increase. Confederate General John Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 3, 1863.
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15. Pennsylvania
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
The Battle of Gettysburg began as the Battle of Vicksburg was ending. Confederate General Lee forced federal troops, under General George C. Meade’s command, to lose ground as the Confederate forces attempted to take the city. Lee planned several attacks, including attacks at Peach Orchard and Devil’s Den. The Union army fought back, repelling Confederate attacks and sending them back to Culp’s Hill. Lee was relentless and sent his army back into battle, but to no avail. He eventually began a retreat toward Williamsport.
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16. The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863
Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous speech on November 19, 1863, to a crowd gathered at the dedication of Soldier’s National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The speech contains only two hundred seventy-two words, but it is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.
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17. Sherman’s March to the Sea November 15-December 20, 1864
Union General William T. Sherman already had captured Atlanta, but he wanted to leave sixty thousand troops there while he marched the rest of his army to the Atlantic Ocean through Savannah, Georgia. During this time, Confederate General John Hood had led troops in a raid on Tennessee, leaving Sherman’s soldiers to face fewer than five thousand Confederate soldiers. Sherman’s troops burned buildings and infrastructures along the way, destroying many towns and cities. Sherman’s troops defeated the depleted Confederate army and took Savannah on December 22, 1864.
As the Union army moved through the South, they destroyed train tracks by heating the rails and bending them into a bow. This became known as “Sherman’s Neckties”
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18. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
Virginia
Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
General Lee surrendered his Confederate army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, Lee’s army had diminished, which contributed to Union General Grant’s many victories near the end of the war. In a sign of respect, Grant allowed Lee to keep his saber and horse.
General Joseph Johnston was the last Confederate general who continued to fight. He still believed that the South could win the war. Johnston’s troops eventually fell to federal troops, and he surrendered to General Sherman on April 26, 1865.
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