2. Warm Up #11 – True/False
The environmental conditions of Earth have changed since life began and are changing today.
Evolution happens when individuals “get used to” a new situation.
Individuals can develop new traits because they need them for survival.
Except for differences between males and females and young and old, all members of a population look and act the same.
Evolution occurs when favorable, inherited traits lead to successful reproduction in some individuals.
Species that have no obvious, physical similarities have no similarities at all.
Humans share a common ancestor with other species.
Humans evolved from other primates such as apes.

3. Written Response #1
Using the two popularly used memes to disprove or claim that evolution cannot be true…as a group discuss/consider why these ideas may also be false.
IN OTHER WORDS SUPPORT HOW EVOLUTION SHOWS THESE IDEAS TO BE WRONG. (Use your reasoning skills. No technology for this activity.)

4. History of Evolution
Scientific theory: a widely supported hypothesis that is based off of repeated experimentation and investigation
Not proven
Many are widely accepted throughout the scientific community

5. Abiogenesis The theory that life can come from non-living things
Theory of spontaneous generation: up until the 17th century, scientists once thought life came from decaying matter

6. Written Response #2
Draw the chart to the right into your notebook twice and label one chart Redi…set go…lol. Don’t do that.
Label one chart Redi and the other Pasteur.
Complete the chart based on the next slide…we will viewing it shortly.
Control Group
Experimental Group
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Observations
Results
Conclusions

7. Disproved by 2 people:
Francisco Redi
Louis Pasteur
Experiment to test whether maggots (living) spontaneously generated from meat (non-living)
Experiment to test whether bacteria (living) spontaneously generated from beef broth (non-living)

8. Theory of Biogenesis
Redi & Pasteur’s experiments proved theory of biogenesis:
All living things come from other living things

9. History of Evolution Evolution = change over time Gradual process
Occurs over many generation
Best genes are passed from a parent of offspring
May lead to the formation of a new species
Species: organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

10. Lamarck Theory of acquired characteristics
He said an individual can acquire changes during its lifetime and pass them on to their offspring
Example: a body builder with huge muscles would pass on the huge muscles to the baby

11. Lamarck
THIS THEORY WAS WRONG!!
Long neck
Short neck

12. History of Evolution Based off of Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse
If an organism did not use a particular trait, they could lose it in their lifetime
If an organism needed a particular trait, they could acquire it in their lifetime
Example: giraffes stretch their necks to reach food
FALSE!

13. History of Evolution Father of evolution: Charles Darwin
Voyaged to the Galapagos islands in 1831
Off the coast of South America
On the HMS Beagle
Observed the flora and fauna of the islands
AKA: plants and animals

14. History of Evolution Some of Darwin’s original thoughts
Notice the “I think” written above his sketch of a phylogenic tree
His book, On the Origin of Species, sold out on the day it was published in 1850

15. History of Evolution
Finches: similar looking species on the islands, except for their beaks
Each type had adapted to their diet
Seed eats: thick, rigid beaks
Fruit eats: thinner, less rigid beaks
Nectar eaters: long, thin beaks

16. History of Evolution
Darwin also observed tortoises, cacti, birds, reptiles
Each type of organism had different adaptations that allowed them more reproductive success
Darwin developed his theory of natural selection:

17. Natural Selection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnktXHBvE8s
Natural selection explains: the giraffe evolved to have long necks because the successful ancestors passed on the beneficial genes so the species as a whole could change

18. Theory of Natural Selection as a Process
Variation of traits within the population leads to different phenotypes. Some variations are better suited to the current conditions of the environment.
Overproduction in population leads to competition for resource (food, shelter, etc.)
Natural selection favors the best suited phenotype at the time. This does not mean that the struggling will die, but will be in a poorer condition.
The survival of the best adapted (“fittest”) individuals leads to higher success in reproduction and variations will be passed on to the offspring. If the environment does not change over time, favorable variations will become more common.

19. Central to the theory of natural selection is the idea of adaptations.
Adaptation: heritable trait that suits and organism to its natural function in its environment. There are three types of adaptations:
Structural adaptations such as defensive structures, mimicry and camouflage.
Behavioral adaptations such as herding, schooling and growling.
Physiological adaptations such as enzymes, oxygen- binding of hemoglobin and sight.

20. Written Response #3
Describe what you see in each of the picture frames (1,2, and 3).
Describe what happened to the number and color of mice from picture #1 to picture #3.
Explain WHY you think the number and color of mice changed from picture #1 to picture #3.
Using the terms population, adaptation, natural selection, and fitness justify the change in the number and color of mice over time.

22. History of Evolution
Written Response #4: if natural selection explains the gradual change in a species over time, how did Earth evolve to the point where it is today?

23. History of Evolution Earth’s History:
Earth formed as a large mass filled with water vapor
4.6 billion years ago
As the planet cooled, the vapor condensed into rain, providing it with oceans and water bodies
Atmospheric conditions: water vapor, methane, hydrogen, ammonia
No oxygen!
How did we get oxygen?

24. History of Evolution Theories about the origin of life:
Abiogenesis: life from nonliving matter
FALSE!!
Miller and Urey’s experiment: recreated early conditions using a simulated environment
Hydrogen, ammonia , methane and water vapor
Lightning: introduced electricity

25. History of Evolution What happened when electricity was introduced?
Caused amino acids to form
Amino acids make up vital PROTEINS
Protocells (first cells) began to form and evolve
Single-celled, anaerobic organisms
Produced oxygen through cellular processes (photosynthesis)

26. History of Evolution 4.6 billion years ago: formation of Earth
Precambrian Era (3.5 billion years ago)
Evolution of single-celled organisms
Production of oxygen
Paleozoic Era (540 million years ago)
Evolution of invertebrates
Then fish, reptiles and conifers evolved
Mesozoic Era (245 million years ago)
Evolution of flowering plants, dinosaurs and mammals
Cenozoic Era (66 million years ago)
Evolution of placental mammals and humans

27. Written Response #5: Answer the questions below in as much detail as possible:
Based on what we have discussed up to this point; explain why the first cells on Earth would most likely be prokaryotic cells? (Consider environmental conditions and cell structure when answering this question.)
The first cells on earth were prokaryotic because the Earth lacked an oxygen rich atmosphere. Due to prokaryotic cells being anaerobic (no requiring oxygen) and autotrophs (produce their own food).
What occurred on Earth that would allow more complex cells and organisms to evolve?
Prokaryotic cells produced oxygen through the process of photosynthesis releasing oxygen into the atmosphere
Summarize the endosymbiont hypothesis.
Larger heterotrophs consumed the smaller cells and harnessed energy from these smaller cells. Smaller cells evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts and nuclear envelope formed around DNA.