1. Adverbs (Cohesion) Outsiders
However, strangers were not welcome on the island.

2. Adverbs An adverb can tell you more about a verb.
Adverbs modify the verb, stared.
The people stared nervously.
The people stared nearby.
Adverbs modify the adjectives, strong & complicated.
An adverb can tell you more about an adjective.
The really strong current
A quite complicated situation
An adverb can tell you more about a clause.
Adverbs modify the clause they come before.
Suddenly, the stranger appeared on the beach.
Consequently, they were puzzled.
Revision

3. Cohesive devices – Adverbs
Adverbs create cohesion by explaining how words relate to each other.
Adverbs can give meaning to the links, to do with…
time
place
frequency
manner
degree
other linking
then
meanwhile
yesterday
now
next
first
here
there
sometimes
usually
never
often
weekly
always
luckily
suddenly
fast
eventually
fortunately
surprisingly
nearly
too
very
almost
quite
really
however
then
consequently
nevertheless
similarly

4. Can you spot the adverbs in these sentences?
Answers
Can you spot the adverbs in these sentences?
First, someone suggested that they send him back on his raft. However, the fisherman disagreed. He explained that this would certainly end in death for the stranger. Consequently, it was decided that they had no choice. Reluctantly, the islanders took the stranger in. He was their problem now.
‘No’ is also an adverb in this context but unless the children raise this, it is a rather complicated use.

5. Adverbs help link surprising or contrasting ideas
They had not seen the man before. However he was on their island.
The man was a stranger. Nevertheless he needed shelter.
The islanders huddled together. Meanwhile the man stood by himself.
These adverbs help to create cohesion by acknowledging that two ideas are contrasting and warn the reader to expect this.

6. Adverbials (Cohesion) Outsiders
Inside the goat pen, the stranger lived on scraps.

7. Adverbials An adverbial modifies a verb or a clause. Adverbials can be
…answering the questions,
a word,
a phrase,
or a clause,
firstly
In what order?
on the island
Where?
when they spotted the stranger
When?

8. Adverbials help to link ideas between sentences.
Answers
ADVERBIALS – Tell us more about time, place or manner
– Which of these adverbials answers the questions When? Where? How?
Fear spread through the island.
Fear spread fast.
Fear spread as they spoke.
Fear spread that day.
Fear spread quickly.
Fear spread everywhere.
Where?
How?
Adverbials help to link ideas between sentences.
When?
When?
How?
Where?

9. Can you spot the adverbials in these sentences?
Answers
Can you spot the adverbials in these sentences?
The innkeeper said that he did not want the stranger in his kitchen.
After a moment, the fisherman said that he could not help.
Quick as a flash, the carpenter pointed out the poor craftsmanship on the raft.
Eventually, they gave up on the idea of a job for the stranger.

10. Adverbials linking paragraphs (Cohesion) Outsiders
After some time, the people grew restless. Fear spread throughout the island. People began to talk…

11. It is not just a list of random ideas.
Cohesion
A cohesive text:
flows smoothly
makes links between paragraphs
When a text has cohesion, it flows smoothly from paragraph to paragraph.
It is not just a list of random ideas.

12. Adverbials of time and place are useful for linking story paragraphs
early one morning
later that day
many years ago
before anyone could do anything
meanwhile
on the island
outside the inn
inside the goat pen
In their dreams
at the beach
When?
Where?

13. Adverbials link Paragraphs
Answers
Adverbials link Paragraphs
Adverbials help to link ideas across paragraphs
First thing that morning, the stranger turned up for work at the inn. With difficultly, the innkeeper tried to show him how to wash up. The stranger did not have gloves, however. The hot water scalded his hands.
At the carpenter’s shop, it was not much better. The stranger did not recognise the tools and could not understand any instructions. The carpenter lost his temper and sent the stranger away.
The next day, the carter called the stranger over. He offered him a job if the stranger could lift his heaviest barrel. The stranger was weak with hunger and could not even wobble the barrel .
Can you spot the adverbials which link the paragraphs?
Can you spot any other linking adverbials?