1. Entropy Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder, or molecular
randomness.
Unlike energy, entropy is a non-conserved property, and there is no such thing as a conservation of entropy principle.

4. Same entropy for both path

5. Thus:

6. EXAMPLE 7.1 : Entropy Change during an Isothermal Process
A piston-cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at 300 K. During a constant-temperature process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy change of the water during this process.

7. Solution
The system undergoes an internally reversible, isothermal process, and thus its entropy change can be determined directly to be:
Note that the entropy change of the system is positive, as expected, since heat transfer is to the system.

8. A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
Internally reversible process: During an internally reversible process, a system proceeds through a series of equilibrium states, and when the process is reversed, the system passes through exactly the same equilibrium states while returning to its initial state.
Recall that isothermal heat transfer processes are internally reversible. Therefore, the entropy change of a system during an internally reversible isothermal heat transfer process can be determined by performing the integration in :
where T0 is the constant absolute
temperature of the system
Q is the heat transfer for the
internally reversible process

9. The Increase Of Entropy Principle
From Clausius inequality:
For complete cycle consisting of irreversible process from
1 to 2 and internally reversible process from 2 to 1 and:
We conclude from these equations that the entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is greater than the integral of evaluated for that process.

10. The Increase Of Entropy Principle
Remove inequality sign to get the entropy balance equation for a closed system: 10

11. Isolated system (adiabatic closed system)
This is the Increase in Entropy Principle
which simply states that
“for an isolated system the
entropy always increases
or remains the same”.

12. For isolated system (adiabatic closed system):

17. Entropy Change of a System
Note that entropy is a property, and the value of a property does not change unless the state of the system changes. Therefore, the entropy change of a system is zero if the state of the system does not change during the process.

19. Table A-12, 13, 14

21. No properties for point 2
Constant P
Thus, use Q=h2-h1 to calculate h2