1. Causes, Effects and Responses to the Great Depression
Boom and Bust
Causes, Effects and Responses to the Great Depression

2. OVERVIEW In this lesson you will examine:
The social and economic context before the Great Depression
The causes of the Great Depression
The effects of the Great Depression
Early attempts at addressing the crisis

3. The Boom
America was the leading industrial power left untouched after the Great War
After switching from wartime production to industrial production, the US economy soared while Europe struggled
A new era of prosperity was fuelled by readily available credit

4. The Roaring Twenties Increased credit allowed:
Companies to increase production; American consumer products flooded domestic and world markets
More working class Americans to buy more consumer products
The middle class more time to engage in cultural activities like jazz
Questions: With the increase of women’s role in the Great War and the granting of the vote after 1919, how might women have been affected by the “boom”?

5. The First Signs
Beneath the appearance of prosperity were fundamental problems:
Worker wages did not increase with the increase in production – loss of buying power
American agriculture was hit by overproduction and environmental problems – loss of productive market
American protectionism resulted in increased tariffs on foreign exports – loss of foreign markets

6. The First Signs

7. The First Signs

8. “Buying on Margin”
If the share price goes up, the worker can sell the stock for profit and the broker gets its loan back
If the share price goes down, the worker still owes the broker
Dangerous financial practices contributed to the Great Depression; in particular, people were encouraged to buy stocks “on margin”
Company X
STOCK PRICE PER SHARE: $11
NO LOAN PAYBACK
LOAN RETURNED
Broker offers to lend money based on the stock’s margin or projected growth
Worker has $10 and wishes to buy 10 shares of Company X
Worker’s total holdings: $50
Worker’s total holdings: $220
Worker’s total holdings: $110
SHARE DIVIDEND
NO DIVIDEND PAYOUT

9. The Crash
Confidence in the market became shaky by September 1929 because of speculation – e.g. RCA stock in Mar 1928 was around $100/share and by Sept 3, 1929, it was $500/share
On Monday, Oct 28, 1929, stockholders began to sell their shares
On “Black Tuesday”, Oct 29, 1929, share values dropped drastically by as much as 37% causing a chain reaction throughout the economy

10. Loss of share values spread throughout the economy
Workers could not pay back their loans to brokers
Workers became unemployed and unable to buy products or borrow money
Corporations could not continue production without income or credit
Stockbrokers could not return their loans to the banks
Banks were unable to loan out money because no one could return their loans

11. The Effects of the Crash
Between 1929 to 1932, American unemployment was around 25-30%
The working and middle classes saw their assets and investments wiped out overnight
Those who owned real estate or had non-liquid assets were not as affected
Soup and bread lines grew around churches and charities for free hand-outs
The homeless built “Hoovervilles” on public property or by railroad tracks

12. Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?
They used to tell me I was building a dream And so I followed the mob When there was earth to plow or guns to bear I was always there, right on the job
They used to tell me I was building a dream With peace and glory ahead Why should I be standing in line Just waiting for bread?
Once I built a railroad, made it run Made it race against time Once I built a railroad, now it's done Brother can you spare a dime?
Once I built a tower to the sun Brick and rivet and lime Once I built a tower, now it's done Brother can you spare a dime?
Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell Full of that yankee doodle dum Half a million boots went sloggin' through hell And I was the kid with a drum
Say, Don't you remember they called me Al? It was Al all the time Say, don't you remember, I'm your pal Buddy can you spare a dime?
Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?

13. Early responses
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff increased the duties on foreign imports
President Hoover took minor steps to address the crisis: attempts to increase credit, tax reductions and public works – seemed ineffective
People at first did not protest, but as the crisis grew, so did discontent

14. SUMMARY QUESTIONS
What stimulated the American economy towards its “boom”?
What effects did increased prosperity have on American culture?
What signs were present that the American economy was not stable?
What factors caused the failure of the financial system and the subsequent stock market crash?
What were the effects on American society and how did the government respond?