1. Quick Quiz
What is the meant by the terms social facilitation, social inhibition and evaluation apprehension?
What factors can affect how an audience affects arousal and performance?
How can you minimise social inhibition?

2. Psychological factors affecting performance
Sports Psychology
Group and team dynamics

3. Understand the how groups form, and how they can affect performance
Learning Objectives
Learning Objective:
Understand the how groups form, and how they can affect performance
Learning Outcomes:
All: Describe the stages of group formation, Steiner’s model of group effectiveness, the Ringlemann effect and social loafing
Most: Explain the stages of group formation, Steiner’s model of group effectivenedd, the Ringlemann effect and social loafing
Some: Apply the knowledge of group development and performance to a variety of sporting situations

4. Key Terms Group Group formation Stenier’s model of group effectiveness
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Stenier’s model of group effectiveness
Ringlemann effect
Social loafing

5. Key Terms
Group – a collection of people who share similar goals and interact with one another.
Cohesion – how well a group work together
Group formation – a model to show how groups form
Forming – the group get together
Storming – jostling for position
Norming – agreement on roles and responsibilities
Performing - clear vision and work well together
Stenier’s model of group effectiveness
Actual productivity = potential productivity – losses due to faulty processes
Ringlemann effect – average individual performance decreases as the group size increases.
Social loafing – when some individuals in a group lose motivation

6. Group Formation Forming Storming Norming Performing
High dependence on the leader for guidance and direction.
Group members start to get to know one another.
Very little agreement on aims
Individual roles unclear
Storming
Group decisions are difficult
Team members jostle for position in the team as they attempt to establish themselves in relation to others.
Stronger sense of purpose
Cliques may form, power struggles occur
Compromise is needed
Norming
Much more agreement
Roles and responsibilities clearer and generally accepted
Decisions are made through group agreement
Stronger sense of commitment and unity.
Performing
The team has clear strategies, vision and aims.

7. Steiner’s model of group effectiveness
Actual productivity =
= Potential productivity – losses due to faulty processes
Faulty processes
Co-ordination problems
If coordination or timing of team members do not match, team strategies that depend on them will suffer, and therefore so will team performance
Motivation problems
If individual members of the team are not motivated to the same extent, they will be putting in different directions and the potential of the team will not be realised.

8. Ringlemann effect
The ringlemann affect arises when the average individual performance decreases as the group size increases

9. Social Loafing
When individuals in a group lose motivation apparently caused by the individual losing identity when placed in a group.

10. Exam Questions
Jan 2013 – 3d – The behaviour of individuals within groups, such as sports teams or friendship groups, can be affected by group dynamics. Using psychological theories and practical examples, explain why some sports teams seem to be more cohesive and successful than other teams of similar ability. Explain the negative group influences that can cause individuals to develop dysfunctional behaviour and to avoid a balanced, active and healthy lifestyle.