1. Chapter 18 Section 4 Notes 2 Nations on Edge

2. Nuclear Arms Race between Soviets and U.S.
U.S. developed atomic bomb 1st
July 1945
Soviets in 1949
U.S. developed hydrogen (H) bomb 1st
November 1952
Soviets less than a year later
67 times more destructive than atomic bomb
Soviets develop 1st satellite to orbit Earth
October 1957
Called Sputnik
U.S. did in January 1958 (Explorer)

3. Brinkmanship
Willingness to threaten the use of nuclear weapons to achieve political gain.
Starts when Eisenhower was president (1952)
John Foster Dulles (U.S. Secretary of State)
Soviets do same thing
Impact on the Military (for both sides)
Increased air force and number of nukes
Decreased size of traditional army and navy
Impact on life in U.S.
air raid drills
underground fallout shelters built
At home, schools, businesses, etc…

4. Stalin Dies (1953) Nikita Khruschev new Leader
Not as confrontational as Stalin
Less Brinkmanship for awhile

5. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA - formed in 1947)
used to gather information outside of U.S.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
FBI
Much older (1908)
gathers info inside U.S.
main reason for formation of CIA
weaken or overthrow govts that were
Communist or might turn Communist.

6. 1st Major CIA Action = IRAN (1953)
Brief History (details in videos on website)
Iran’s leader was a Shah (King)
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941 – 1979)
Leader for most of that time
Good relations with Western countries
Including U.S.
In favor of modernizing Iran
Not very religious (secular)
Questions of corruption in govt.
Major source of oil for the West
Many regular people in Iran began to
dislike him. Wanted to keep traditions.
The Shah with Truman (1949)
The Shah's portrait on the 1000 Iranian rial banknote

7. Iran had an elected Parliament and Prime Minister too
Never had much power until…
Mohammed Mossadegh
Became Prime Minister of Iran (1951)
Popular among people there
Nationalized Iran’s oil fields
Government took them over!
Kicked out foreign oil companies
Including British Petroleum (BP)
Want all oil profits to go to Iran
Raises Prices too!
Did this against Shah’s wishes
Shah is scared for his life
Flees the country for awhile
Western response to this = Boycott
stop buying oil from Iran.
Prevent Iran from exporting oil anywhere
Naval blockade
Iran’s economy starts to feel the effects
U.S. fears relationship with Soviets
They share a land border

8. CIA intervenes (Operation Ajax)
U.S. supplies Shah’s supporters with millions of $’s worth of weapons and bribes
Goal = to help defeat Mossadegh
They succeed
Spends rest of life under house arrest
Oil field ownership returns to Western Companies
Shah gets $ from them
Shah doesn’t treat most citizens well afterwards
Feels like they were not loyal
Several failed assassination attempts
In power until 1979 when revolution happens
Led by Ayatollah Khomeni
Very Religious
Anti-West
Reverses Modernization
More in Chapter 24
Entire situation is the origin of a lot of resentment towards U.S. in Iran

10. Israel Created (1948)
Other big factor in “bad blood” between Middle East and “the West”
Including U.S.
Done by the United Nations (supported by both U.S. and Soviets)
Jews that fled Europe during WWII don’t want to return
Divided the country of Palestine without their permission
No Middle Eastern country had a say in the matter
Not in the UN
Lots of problems since
Borders constantly
change and fought over

11. Suez War (1956) England Blockades the canal Gamal Abdel – Nasser
Head of Egypt
Convinced U.S. and England to help pay for a dam to be built on the Nile river.
They changed their minds once they found out he had other deals with the Soviet Union
Nationalizes the Suez Canal
Originally owned by England and France
England and Israel fight with Egypt over this
Lasts 1 week
Try to take back control of canal
England Blockades the canal
Want U.S. military to help
We don’t
UN says back off.
Bottom line: Suez Canal control turns over to Egypt
England looks weak

12. Blockade of
Suez Canal
By British ships
(top of picture)
Preventing
Supplies
(bottom of picture)
From reaching
Egypt and other
Parts of the world

13. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
Warning that the U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by a Communist country (targeted Soviet Union)

14. Revolution in Hungary (1956)
Imre Nagy
Leader of Communist Gov
Wants a change
free elections
break ties with Soviets
Soviet Response
No way
Sends in military
kills 30,000 people
Nagy was executed
Response from Western World
Shame on you Soviet Union
no action taken
Hungarian citizens upset
Why?
Didn’t follow containment policy
Afraid Soviets respond big if
we get involved

15. Soviets and U.S. in the skies
Eisenhower tries to convince Soviets to allow flights over each other’s countries to prevent stuff from being hidden (Open Skies Policy )
Soviets say no thanks
We conduct secret flights anyway
U-2 Planes
Very high altitude spy planes
Hard to detect
Photograph missile sites

16. U.S. Plane Gets Shot Down over Soviet Union (1960)
U.S. denies existence of the flight at 1st
Francis Gary Powers was pilot (parachuted out)
Sentenced to 10 yrs in Soviet prison
Released early (next slide)
tension between countries high going into 1960s

17. Historical marker found in Virginia

18. BRIDGE OF SPIES