1. Fossils

2. Big Ideas
Fossils give evidence of evolution.

3. Big Ideas Fossils give evidence of evolution.
Fossils of original preservation

4. Big Ideas Fossils give evidence of evolution.
Fossils of original preservation
Fossils with altered hard parts

5. Big Ideas Fossils give evidence of evolution.
Fossils of original preservation
Fossils with altered hard parts
Index fossils

6. Big Ideas Fossils give evidence of evolution.
Fossils of original preservation
Fossils with altered hard parts
Index fossils
Molds and casts

7. Big Ideas Fossils give evidence of evolution.
Fossils of original preservation
Fossils with altered hard parts
Index fossils
Molds and casts
Trace fossils

8. Evolution
The change in populations as a result of an altered environment.

9. About 12 million years ago, a volcano in southwest Idaho spread a blanket of ash over a very large area. One or two feet of this powdered glass covered the flat savannah-like grasslands of northeastern Nebraska.Most of the animals which lived here survived the actual ashfall, but as they continued to graze on the ash covered grasses, their lungs began to fill up with the abrasive powder. Soon their lungs became severely damaged and they began to die. The smaller animals died first (smaller lung capacities) and finally, after perhaps three to five weeks, the last of the rhinos perished. Their bodies were quickly covered by the blowing and drifting ash.Undisturbed except by an occasional scavenging meat-eater, the skeletons of these animals are preserved in their death positions, complete with evidence of their last meals in their mouths and stomachs and their last steps preserved in the sandstone below.

11. Original preservation
Tar

12. Original preservation
Tar
Freezing

13. Original preservation
Tar
Freezing
Amber (tree sap)

14. Original preservation
Tar
Freezing
Amber (tree sap)
Oxygen deprivation

15. When this photograph was taken around 1910, the location depicted was described as "the Salt Creek oilfields, 7 miles west of Los Angeles." Today, this spot is in the middle of downtown Los Angeles.

16. 1907 U.S. Geological Survey drawing shows how oil from underground rock layers migrates upward to fill the La Brea pits.

17. Don’t cry for me, for I shall live on as a fossil in 2011!

18. Spider preserved in Amber, or tree sap.

19. Bog bodies are often inadvertently damaged, as a result of peat mining efforts.

20. Left: English locations for bog body discoveries.
Right: A reconstruction of a bog body discovery.
As described on page 566,
Graubelle man was found in 1952 in a bog in Jutland, Denmark. He has been buried for close to 2,000 years. Imagine all that has happened, just 10 feet above him.

21. Another name for permineralization is petrifaction
Another name for permineralization is petrifaction. The hard parts have been removed and replaced by rock minerals.

24. Index fossils tell how old the surrounding rocks are, if one knows how old the fossil is.
Good index fossils
Are very widespread.

25. Index fossils tell how old the surrounding rocks are, if one knows how old the fossil is.
Good index fossils
Are very widespread.
Existed during a short period of time on Earth.

26. Index fossils tell how old the surrounding rocks are, if one knows how old the fossil is.
Good index fossils
Are very widespread.
Existed during a short period of time on Earth.
Are of a life form that was very abundant.

27. Index fossils tell how old the surrounding rocks are, if one knows how old the fossil is.
Good index fossils
Are very widespread.
Existed during a short period of time on Earth.
Are of a life form that was very abundant.
Unique

30. A mold is when the organism has died, and left only an impression of itself for us to remember it by.

32. A CAST is when the MOLD fills in with sediment.
This flattened fossil cast of the Sigillaria tree was found in the roof of an underground coal mine-- lodged in the base of a small sandstone channel that marks the boundary of a meandering stream that flowed 300+ million years ago along an ancient delta that existed then.

33. Trace fossils are just evidence of past life, like casts or molds of footprints or burrows.

37. Absolute age Relative age, compared to others
Absolute age, age in years (bce)
Tree rings
Varves
Half-life

38. Match up the “bar codes”, and work your way back.

39. Summer Winter Summer Winter
Heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
There is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.
Summer
Again, the heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
Again, there is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.

40. Summer Winter Summer Winter
Heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
There is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.
Summer
Again, the heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
Again, there is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.

41. Summer Winter Summer Winter
Heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
There is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.
Summer
Again, the heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
Again, there is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.

42. Summer Winter Summer Winter
Heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
There is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.
Summer
Again, the heavy material falls to bottom, light material stays in suspension.
Winter
Again, there is ice on the lake, so lighter material can settle out, heavy material has already done so.

43. Varves are very similar to tree rings, with the dark being winter floods, and the light being the summer floodings.

44. How old are these things (REALLY)
How old are these things (REALLY). Is there any way to tell almost exactly how old something is?

45. How old are these things (REALLY)
How old are these things (REALLY). Is there any way to tell almost exactly how old something is?
YES!! It is radiometric dating!! We will be looking at Carbon-14 dating for now.

46. How old are these things (REALLY)
How old are these things (REALLY). Is there any way to tell almost exactly how old something is?
YES!! It is radiometric dating!! We will be looking at Carbon-14 dating for now.
To understand this, you will have to remember a few things. Much of this will be review.
What is in an atom (review only)
What an element is (review only)
How an element changes from one to another
What a half-life is

47. How old are these things (REALLY)
How old are these things (REALLY). Is there any way to tell almost exactly how old something is?
YES!! It is radiometric dating!! We will be looking at Carbon-14 dating for now.
To understand this, you will have to remember a few things. Much of this will be review.
What is in an atom (review only)
An atom is made up of three things, at most.
Protons~ positively charged particle in the nucleus. THE NUMBER OF PROTONS DETERMINES WHAT THE ELEMENT IS.
Examples
Element Name Number of Protons Atomic Number Neutrons Atomic Mass
Hydrogen One One 0,1,2 or 3 1,2,3 or 4
Nitrogen Seven Seven ,7,8,9 or 10 13,14,15,16 or 17
Carbon Six Six ,7,8,9 or 10 12,13,14,15, or 16

48. Protons~ positively charged particle in the nucleus
Protons~ positively charged particle in the nucleus. THE NUMBER OF PROTONS DETERMINES WHAT THE ELEMENT IS.
Examples
Element Name Number of Protons Atomic Number Neutrons Atomic Mass
Hydrogen One One 0,1,2 or 3 1,2,3 or 4
Nitrogen Seven Seven ,7,8,9 or 10 13,14,15,16 or 17
Carbon Six Six ,7,8,9 or 10 12,13,14,15, or 16
Carbon - 14 will have 14 "things" in its nucleus.
Carbon - 14 must still have 6 protons in its nucleus.
Carbon - 14 must have 8 neutrons to make it "14". (6 protons + 8 neutrons = 14 nucleotides)

49. Carbon - 14
Protons 6
Neutrons ?
Nucleotides 14

50. Carbon - 14
Protons 6
Neutrons 8
Nucleotides 14

51. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons ?
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14

52. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14

53. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.

54. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.
On average, 1/2 of all Carbon - 14 will do just that each 5,730 years.

55. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.
On average, 1/2 of all Carbon - 14 will do just that each 5,730 years.
a. Each 5,730 years 1/2 of all of the C-14 in the world will change into Nitrogen - 14.

56. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.
On average, 1/2 of all Carbon - 14 will do just that each 5,730 years.
a. Each 5,730 years 1/2 of all of the C-14 in the world will change into Nitrgen - 14.
b. Unless more is made, 1/2 of all the C-14 in the world will disappear each 5,730 years.

57. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.
On average, 1/2 of all Carbon - 14 will do just that each 5,730 years.
a. Each 5,730 years 1/2 of all of the C-14 in the world will change into Nitrgen - 14.
b. Unless more is made, 1/2 of all the C-14 in the world will disappear each 5,730 years.
c. 5,730 years is the half-life of Carbon-14.

58. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.
On average, 1/2 of all Carbon - 14 will do just that each 5,730 years.
a. Each 5,730 years 1/2 of all of the C-14 in the world will change into Nitrgen - 14.
b. Unless more is made, 1/2 of all the C-14 in the world will disappear each 5,730 years.
c. 5,730 years is the half-life of Carbon-14.
d. Other elements have other half-lives.

59. Carbon Nitrogen - 14
Protons 6 Protons 7
Neutrons 8 Neutrons 7
Nucleotides Nucleotides 14
The only difference is that one neutron is a proton. That is all. Fin. No mas. Zip.
On average, 1/2 of all Carbon - 14 will do just that each 5,730 years.
a. Each 5,730 years 1/2 of all of the C-14 in the world will change into Nitrgen - 14.
b. Unless more is made, 1/2 of all the C-14 in the world will disappear each 5,730 years.
c. 5,730 years is the half-life of Carbon-14.
d. Other elements have other half-lives.
2. The Sun helps create more Carbon-14, so the amount in the environment remains very constant.

60. The half life of a radioactive isotope represents the time that is needed for half of the unstable atoms of a given radio-isotope to decay. Uranium-238 has a half life in the billions of years and roentgenium has a half life of less than one second.
Isotope
Half-life
Use
Carbon 11
20 minutes
Agriculture
Iodine-131
8 days
Medical therapy
Krypton-85
11 years
Industry
Cesium-137
30 years
Treat cancers,
Sterilize garbage and medicinal wastes
Calibrate equipment
Irradiate blood for transfusions
Carbon-14
5730 years
Test new drugs for harmful by-products
Carbon dating of ancient artifacts
Iodine-129
15.7 million years
Check radioactivity counters at in-vitro diagnostic labs
Uranium-238
4.5 billion years
Color brighteners in dental fixtures; dating old rocks

61. KEY POINTS
Each living things has the same percentage of C-14 as each other living thing.
After death, the C-14 turns into N-14 at a pretty constant rate.
About 50% of the existing C-14 turns into N-14, each 5,730 years.
All radioactive elements have half lives.

65. Magna Carta, about

66. Magna Carta, about
Early Romans, about

67. Magna Carta, about
Early Romans, about
North America is populated
Ice Age in full swing

68. Magna Carta, about
Early Romans, about
Not really much good out here, because the curve and "x" axis are almost parallel.
North America is populated
Ice Age in full swing

69. Time in millions of years
Percentage of an imaginary radioactive isotope, similar to Uranium - 238, with a half life 1000x that of C-14
Humans
Life
Earth
Solar system
Big Bang; time does not exist
Time in millions of years

71. He was found
With expensive furs and shoes
With bronze points for his arrows
With a full belly of food
With food in a pack on his back
With a probable, fatal arrow wound in his back. The arrow was probably shot from about 20 to 30 feet away
He probably died high in the mountains
Who killed him, and why.