1. APA Research Writing
English IV

2. Research writing
No matter what your subject of study, learning to identify and analyze the work of other researchers will play a major role in your development as a student.
The sorts of activities that constitute a research paper— discovering, assessing, and assimilating others’ research and then articulating your own ideas clearly and persuasively — are at the center of the educational experience.
the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others but to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the topic.

3. dISSCUSSING Research Writing
What are we doing today?
dISSCUSSING Research Writing
differentiating between informal & formal writing
comparing Apa & MLA Formats
reviewing steps of research writing: Prewriting Phase 1
Defining types of support
discussing how to identify
Credible sources

4. Informal vs. Formal Writing
Essays are short works of nonfiction that focus on a single topic.
Essays are written to communicate ideas or opinions.
Informal (or personal) essays are conversational in tone and are written on any topic that the writer wishes to share with the audience, such as a personal experience or an entertaining opinion.
Formal essays are serious in tone, and their purpose is either to explain (expository writing) or to persuade (persuasive writing).

5. Research writing
During your school career you have probably written many personal essays that presented your thoughts, feelings, and opinions and that did not refer to any other source of information or ideas.
Some assignments, however, require us to go beyond our personal knowledge.
We undertake research when we wish to explore an idea, probe an issue, solve a problem, or make an argument in relation to what others have written. We then seek out and use materials beyond our personal knowledge.
The outcome of such an inquiry can be a research paper.

6. Before you start your research, you must choose a writing format appropriate for your topic…
Several writing styles are available, and some disciplines require specific formats. Style differences often include organization, punctuation, and how source information is listed within the essay and on the bibliography page.

7. Three of the most common writing formats include…
Modern Language Association (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Used mainly in humanities and literature related fields
Places emphasis on authorship, so most MLA citations involve recording the author’s name and the page number, if available
Author’s last name is the first word to appear in the “Works Cited” listing
Most recent MLA formatting can be found in the eighth edition of the MLA style manual
Used mainly in social sciences and medical fields
Places emphasis on the date a work was created
The date is usually placed immediately after the author’s name on the “References” page at the end of an essay
Most recent APA formatting can be found in the sixth edition of the APA style manual
Includes two systems for citation: a notes and bibliography (NB) system and an author-date (AD) system.
NB system is used in many history courses
History places much emphasis on source origins, so footnotes and endnotes are used to demonstrate from where a particular piece of information came
Most recent CMS formatting can be found in the sixteenth edition of the CMS style manual

9. APA Format
There are two common types of papers written in fields using APA Style: the literature review and the experimental report.
A literature review typically contains the following sections:
Title page
Introduction section
List of references
Experimental Report follows the scientific method:
Why the topic is important (covered in your introduction)
What the problem is (also covered in your introduction)
What you did to try to solve the problem (covered in your methods section)
What you found (covered in your results section)
What you think your findings mean (covered in your discussion section)

10. Steps for Research Writing
Prewriting: Getting Started
Step One: Clarify the essay prompt and requirements – identify the purpose & audience
Purpose: persuasive or expository?
Audience: teacher & classmates
Step Two: Choose a topic – preferably something that interests you
A good research paper topic is interesting and relevant to your audience
Be original but also aware of what support is available to meet the assignment requirements
Your audience wants to learn something as a result of reading your essay
What habit would you like to create or change to
improve your life over 30 days?

11. Steps for Research Writing
Step Three: Overview the topic by conducting initial research
Your initial research is to “get to know” your topic
be on the look-out for information that you can use as support in your essay
Look for credible sources
Write down the citation information for sources you may want to use or relocate later
You can also print sources or sections of a source if you think you will want to use the information in your essay.
Review the APA handout or visit the Purdue OWL website for additional citation information Purdue Owl

12. Types of Research
The research paper is generally based on a combination of primary research and secondary research.
Primary research is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation, such as analyzing a literary text or carrying out an experiment.
Either you experience the investigation firsthand or you cite someone who records their firsthand experience with the topic
Primary sources are contemporary accounts of an event, written by someone who experienced or witnessed the event in question.
diaries, letters, memoirs, journals, speeches, manuscripts, interviews and other such unpublished works
published pieces such as newspaper or magazine articles (as long as they are written soon after the fact and not as historical accounts), photographs, audio or video recordings, research reports in sciences, or original literary or theatrical works

13. Types of Research
Secondary research is the examination of studies that other researchers have made of a subject. You examine what others who have not experienced the topic first-hand have discovered or say about the topic through their research.
The function of secondary research is to interpret primary sources, and so can be described as at least one step removed from the event or phenomenon under review.
Secondary source materials interpret, assign value to, conjecture upon, and draw conclusions about the events reported in primary sources.
These are usually in the form of published works such as journal articles or books, but may also include radio, television, or other media documentaries.
empirical research is articles or books written by experts in your field of interest, whose work has been read and vouched for by other experts in the same field. These can be found in scientific journals or via an online search.
Most academic papers depend at least partly, if not mainly, on secondary research as support for the writer’s claims.

14. ~ Macmillan Dictionary
What is Plagiarism?
“…Taking and passing off as one’s own someone else’s work or ideas (from Latin plagiārius, kidnapper, literary thief).”
~ Macmillan Dictionary
IN RESEARCH WRITING, ANY TIME YOU REFERENCE SOMEONE ELSE'S IDEA, cite it.