1. Happy Tuesday! You need: Coming up in Biology…
Section 9.1 notes (due today)
Pen or pencil
Coming up in Biology…
Section 9.2 notes due on block day
Section 9.1 and 9.2 Quiz on Monday
Section 9.3 notes due Tuesday

2. Section 9.1 Objectives Vocabulary Describe why ATP is useful to cells.
Describe what happens during the process of photosynthesis.
Vocabulary
ATP
Photosynthesis

3. Graphic Organizer Photosynthesis Leaves Carbon dioxide Sunlight Oxygen
Simple sugar (glucose)
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Pigment
Water

4. Chemical Energy and ATP
Energy is the ability to do work.
All living cells store energy in the chemical bonds of certain compounds.
Whether they get their energy from food or sunlight
One of the most important compounds…ATP

5. ATP Adenosine triphosphate ATP = Adenine 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate groups (key to storing and releasing energy)

6. ADP Adenosine diphosphate (two phosphate groups instead of three)
When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP.
Cells can release energy when breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate group.

7. How Cells Use ATP (examples)
Carry out active transport
Sodium-potassium pump in cell membrane
Membrane proteins pump sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell.
ATP provides energy to keep this pump working.
Enables cells to move
ATP provides power for motor proteins that contract muscle and powers the wavelike movements of cilia and flagella

8. How Cells Use ATP (examples)
Energy in ATP can be transferred to other molecules in the cell
Protein synthesis
Responses to chemical signals on the cell’s surface
Energy in ATP can be converted into light
The “blinking” of a firefly comes from an enzyme that is powered by ATP

9. ATP Use
You would think cells who be packed with ATP, since it is such a useful source of energy… not the case.
Most cells only have a small amount of ATP.
It is a great molecule for transferring energy, but not good for storing large amounts of energy over time.

10. ATP Use
One molecule of glucose stores more than 90 times the energy required to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP.
It is more efficient for cells to keep a small amount of ATP.
Instead, cells regenerate ATP from ADP as needed (by using the energy in foods- like sugar).

11. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Cell have to produce ATP constantly because it is used quickly.
Where do living things get the energy to make ATP?
Heterotrophs – organisms that obtain energy by consuming other living things
Eating plants
Eating animals
Absorbing nutrients from decomposing organisms in the environment

12. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Autotrophs – organisms that can make their own food
Ultimately… nearly all life on Earth depends on the ability of autotrophs to capture and convert the energy from sunlight to synthesize high-energy carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
This process is known as photosynthesis.
Plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

13. Questions?

14. Organisms that make their own food are called
autotrophs
heterotrophs
decomposers
consumers

15. Most autotrophs obtain their energy from
Chemicals in the environment
Sunlight
Carbon dioxide in the air
Other producers

16. How is energy released from ATP?
A phosphate group is added.
An adenine is added.
A phosphate group is removed.
A ribose is removed.

17. How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP?
Cells do not require ATP for energy.
ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and P.
Cells use very small amounts of energy.
ATP stores large amounts of energy.

18. Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP stores
Much more energy
Much less energy
About the same amount of energy
More energy sometimes, and less at others