1. Volume 27, Issue 16, Pages 2476-2485.e6 (August 2017)
Integration of Sweet Taste and Metabolism Determines Carbohydrate Reward 
Maria Geraldine Veldhuizen, Richard Keith Babbs, Barkha Patel, Wambura Fobbs, Nils B. Kroemer, Elizabeth Garcia, Martin R. Yeomans, Dana M. Small 
Current Biology 
Volume 27, Issue 16, Pages e6 (August 2017)
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2. Figure 1
Study Design
Pre-conditioning session: subjects rated ten non-caloric versions of the flavored beverages. If five were rated similarly and slightly liked subjects performed a triangle test to rule out oral detection of maltodextrin (Figure 2A). Exposure sessions: qualifying subjects were scheduled for 5 exposure days (1 for each of five beverages differing in maltodextrin load as shown). At each session, two bottles of the same beverage were consumed in the lab, one in the evening and three the next day at home for a total of six exposures per beverage. Post-conditioning session: subjects again rated the ten non-caloric versions of the flavored beverages. fMRI scan session: brain response to the non-caloric versions of the five beverages was assessed using previously validated fMRI protocols and flavor delivery methods. For further details, please refer to the STAR Methods.
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3. Figure 2 Experiment 1 Perceptual Results
(A) Triangle test. y axis, number of correct responses. x axis, subjects. Six correct responses were required for reliable detection (critical value). All qualifying subjects performed at chance.
(B) Liking ratings. y axis, liking rating on the labeled hedonic scale. x axis, conditioned stimuli (CS), corresponding to the 5 beverages before (dotted) and after (solid) pairing with the caloric load indicated in superscript. Error bars (±SEM). See also Table S1.
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4. Figure 3 Experiment 1 fMRI Results
(A) Neural response in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); we observed greater response to the CS75 and CS112.5 versus the CS37.5 and CS150.
(B) Neural response in NAcc was greater to the CS75 compared to all other stimuli. Brain sections show significant clusters (corrected for multiple comparisons) of voxels, with the bar graphs showing average parameter estimate (PE) in arbitrary units (±SEM) of the peak voxel in the cluster. For illustrative purposes, we performed post hoc t test using Bonferroni correction to determine which CSs specifically were significantly different from CS75 or CS37.5. Color bar indicates T-values of voxels.
See also Figure S1 and Table S2.
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5. Figure 4
Experiment 2
(A) Change in the average REE for 5 min preceding, and for 5 min after beverage consumption (25–30 min post-consumption; y axis) for each beverage (x axis).
(B) Line graphs present the data from 10–30 min post-beverage consumption expressed as a percentage of the mean REE for all beverages 10 min prior to consumption. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a main effect of beverage (F = , p < 0.001), with post hoc t test showing change in REE greater following consumption of the kcal beverage relative to both the 0- and 150-kcal beverages at each time point. In this and following graphs, asterisk stands for significant post hoc t test at α = 0.05 corrected with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.
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6. Figure 5
Experiment 3
(A) Change in liking (y axis) pre- versus post-conditioning for each beverage (x axis). Replicating study 1, planned comparisons reveal an increase in liking for CS112.5, but not CS150 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.83).
(B) Change in REE across time (as in Figure 4B) depicting the main effect of beverage (F = 5.994, p = 0.011), with post hoc t tests showing change in REE greater following consumption of the kcal beverage relative to the 0kcal beverage at each time point and relative to the 150 kcal at four time points.
(C) The average change in REE as described in Figure 4A. Replicating study 2, there is greater change following the kcal compared to the 0- and 150-kcal beverages.
(D) Change in blood glucose (y axis) after consumption of each beverage (x axis) depicting the effect of beverage, with greater change after 150- and kcal beverages versus the non-caloric beverage.
(E) Brain section shows significant clusters (corrected for multiple comparisons) of voxels.
See also Table S3.
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7. Figure 6
Experiment 4
(A) The average change in REE as described in Figure 4A for the 75- and 150-kcal beverages with matched and mismatched calories and sweetness.
(B) Change in REE across time.
(C) The average change in REE for the matched and mismatched kcal beverage.
(D) Change in REE across time.
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