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Acid/Base Reactions Importance of Acid-Base Reactions: Acid-base chemistry is most important in aqueous (water) environments. Since both our planet and our bodies are essentially 2/3 water, this chemistry is critically important to life on earth.
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Enzymes are proteins that catalyze virtually all important reactions in our bodies needed to keep us alive The substrates (reactants) bind in a cleft on the surface of the enzyme called the active site. The active site is complementary to the size and shape of the substrates and creates an ideal microenvironment for the desired reaction to take place.
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Proteins can be unfolded by changes in the amount of acid and base present in the environment
When the shape of a protein changes, it can no longer catalyze the chemical reactions in our cells needed to keep us alive. Very acidic or basic solution
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Review of H and the Proton
Hydrogen, the simplest element, consists of a and an PROTON ELECTRON. e- If you remove the electron from an H atom, only the proton remains.
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Review of H and the Proton
Hydrogen, the simplest element, consists of a and an PROTON ELECTRON. e- H+ Our symbol for proton is: If you remove the electron from an H atom, only the proton remains.
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Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases:
ACIDS are H+ DONORS BASES are H+ ACCEPTORS H+ HCl + H2O Cl– + H3O+ acid base IN AN ACID BASE REACTION, AN ACID TRANSFERS AN H+ TO A BASE
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Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases:
ACIDS are H+ DONORS BASES are H+ ACCEPTORS IN AN ACID BASE REACTION, AN ACID TRANSFERS AN H+ TO A BASE
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Properties of Acids and Bases
Taste: Bitter Feel: Slippery Taste: Sour Feel: Stings Drano, Baking Soda, Window, Cleaners Wine, vinegar, aspirin lemons, limes
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Indicators Indicators are chemicals that turn different colors in acids or bases (different pHs). Acid in phenolphthalein = colorless Base in phenolphthalein = magenta pink/purple Video phenolpthalein
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Properties continued nitric HCl Acids always react with active metals.
Bases generally do not react with metals. Exception: Al + NaOH nitric HCl
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Sulfuric Acid oxidizing sugar
H2SO4 with Sugar Video
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Be able to recognize these as Acids or Bases in a chemical rxn
Hydrochloric acid = HCl Nitric acid = HNO3 Acetic acid = CH3COOH (or C2H3O2H) water = H2O
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Be able to recognize these as Acids or Bases in a chemical rxn
Ammonia (covalent) = NH3 Sodium hydroxide (ionic) = NaOH Ions: Na+1 + OH-1 Potassium hydroxide (ionic) = KOH Ions: K+1 + OH-1 Water = H2O
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Patterns: Acid-Base Conjugate Pairs
HA → H+ + A- Acid conjugate base of HA HA and A- are conjugate pairs because they differ by an H+ B- + H+ → HB Base conjugate acid of B- B- and HB are conjugate pairs because they differ by an H+
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Recognizing Patterns: Acid-Base Conjugate Pairs always differ by an H+
HCl + H2O Cl– + H3O+ acid conjugate base base conjugate acid HCl and Cl- are conjugate pairs; H2O and H3O+ are conjugate pairs
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Recognizing Patterns: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Give the conjugate base for each of the following: HNO3 NO3 -1 C2H3O2H C2H3O2-1 HCl Cl- OH- H2O
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Recognizing Patterns: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Give the conjugate acid for each of the following: NH3 NH4+1 OH -1 H2O H2O H3O+1
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Example Reaction #1: Video Link NH3 + HCl → Base
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Example Reaction #1: Video Link NH3 + HCl → Base
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NH3 + HCl → NH4 +1 Cl -1 (OR COULD WRITE AS NH4Cl)
Example Reaction #1: Video Link H+ NH3 + HCl → NH4 +1 Cl -1 + Base Acid (OR COULD WRITE AS NH4Cl)
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Water is amphoteric meaning it can act as ACID or a BASE
In a problem with a different chemical, identify the other chemical besides water as the acid or the base.
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Example #2: Water as an Acid
NH3 + H2O Base
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Example #2: Water as an Acid
NH3 + H2O Base Acid
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Example #2: Water as an Acid
H+ NH3 + H2O NH4+ OH- + Base Acid
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Example #3: Water as a Base
H+ H2O + HNO3 A B
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Example #3: Water as a Base
H2O + HNO3 H3O+ + NO3– B A CA CB
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Example #4: Ionic Bases: Must dissociate ions first
HCl + NaOH Animation NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) → Ionic base Acid Na OH H+ Cl- H2O + Na Cl- or NaCl NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) → H2O + NaCl
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Example #5: Ionic Bases: Must dissociate ions first
HNO3 (aq) + KOH(aq) → Acid Ionic base H+ NO K OH-1 H2O + K+1 + NO3- or KNO3 HNO3(aq) + KOH (aq) → H2O + KNO3
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