1. KASHMIR DISPUTE And Water Dispute
Prepared By
Mufti Omer Rafique

3. When the partition of India subcontinent was being made in 1947, It had been decided that areas to be given to Pakistan and India shall be based on the majority of the Muslims or Hindus in the areas.
Sir Redcliffe was the incharge to give the Final decision.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir, with an area of 84,471miles and with a population of 4 millions was the largest state in India.

5. The total Muslim population was 77%.
The Muslims were in majority in every province of the state.
The people of Kashmir wanted to join Pakistan but the ruler of Kashmir was Mahraja Sir Hari Singh, a staunch کٹر Hindu who opted(decided) to join India.
Therefore on the day of partition there were clashes between the Mullims and the Maharaja’s police.

7. The Maharaja sought(seek) the help of the Indian govt which in no time(فورا) sent Indian troops to take control.
The Maharaja signed an agreement with the Indian govt that Jammu and Kashmir will be attached to India and not Pakistan.
Shaikh Abdullah a Muslim leader, but disloyal to Pakistan and loyal to India was made Prime Minister.

9. This created a dispute between India and Pakistan as Pakistan demanded its right over Kashmir.
India troops made further advances in 1948 and tried to occupy even Azad Kashmir.
The Pakistan forces adopted defensive role and did not advance into India.
India took the issue to the Security Council of the United Nations Organistaion(UNO).

11. The Security Council after hearing the case of both India and Pakistan decided that the future of Kashmir should be settled according to the wishes of the people of Kashmir.
A plebisciteمردم شماری was to be held in Kashmir in the supervision of UN but India backed out and till today the plebiscite has not been held.
Pakistan on a number of ocassions has reminded the UN but no positive repsonse has been received.

12. Kashmir dispute is most vital(very important) and dangerous between India and Pakistan. It is a great threat to the peace in the subcontinent.

13. Water Dispute
Most of the rivers in Pakistan originate from India and flow into Pakistan from India.

15. Pakistan has a fertile soil but a hot and dry climate.
The rainfall is not sufficient.
Agriculture is therefore entirely(fully) dependant on the irrigation by the canals coming from the rivers.

16. On April 1,1948 India cutoff the flow of water from these river.
Later on whenever there was heavy rains in India and the rivers were full, India used to let all water flow into Pakistan causing floods in Pakistan and when there were no rains and very less water in the rivers, India blocked the river water supply to Pakistan.
This created a continuous dispute.

18. In 1960 India and Pakistan signed a treaty called Indus Water Treaty 1960.

19. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Field Marshal Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan signed the agreement.
According to the Treaty the waters of the Western rivers viz Indus, Jehlum and Chenab were allocated for the use of Pakistan and the eastern rivers viz Ravi, Bias and Sutlej were awarded exclusively to India.
An international Financial agreement was signed by representative of Australia, USA, UK, Candad, Germany, Newzealnd and Pakistan and world Bank.

21. As a result, following works were built in Pakistan:
The agreement created an Indian Basin Development fund of $900m to finance the irrigation canals network in Pakistan.
As a result, following works were built in Pakistan:
A system of 8 link canals of nearly 400 miles transferring water from the western rivers to the areas which were previously irrigated by the Eastern rivers.
Two large dams were built to store water for supply during critical periods.

22. Contd… Power stations were built to generate electricity.
Three new barrages were built and five old barrages were re-modelled.
2500 tube wells were dug to overcome water logging and salinity.