1. EARLY LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: TODDLERS (chapter 7) (12-24 mos.)

2. PowerPoint Outline** I. Development in Related Domains II. First Words
III. Combining Words, Meaning, and Functions
IV. Development in Pragmatics
V. Phonological Processes
VI. Impact of Bilingualism
VII. Intervention for Toddlers Whose Language is Delayed

3. We need to know typical language milestones**
For clinical purposes
And for the PRAXIS!

4. I. DEVELOPMENT IN RELATED DOMAINS
A. Social Development

5. B. Motor Developments

6. Motor developments continued

7. A 2-year old can:

8. C. Cognitive Developments

9. Cognitive developments continued

10. II. FIRST WORDS

11. To qualify as a true word:**
It needs to occur with consistency in a given context in apparent response to an identifiable stimulus
It should be produced consistently in the presence of the same person, object, or event
It must bear some phonetic resemblance to a conventional adult word; it can be an approximation of a real adult word

12. Youtube Smartest 2-year old ever (melaniew1977)
Do you think this 2-year old is saying real words?

13. In first words…**
Front consonants /p, b, d, t, m, n/ are the most common
These children use simple syllable patterns (e.g., CV, VC, CVCV)

14. Holophrases

15. Youtube Toddler Tries to Argue Like an Adult
This child is 20 months old

16. There is rapid vocabulary growth:

17. If the child does not have a major language growth spurt between 18-24 months of age…

18. Therapy implication:

19. Remember that:**
Toddlers’ receptive vocab grows faster than expressive vocab
New words: related to familiar objects, events, relationships

20. Classes of First Words:**
Nouns are prominent; may be 60% or more of a toddler’s lexicon
Usually these nouns have been frequently involved in the
toddler’s interaction with others

21. Mark McKibbin’s nouns: (not on test)
squirrel, horse, Grandma, Grandpa, bath, juice, grapes, Casey, Thomas (the tank engine) and of course, Mommy and Daddy 

22. Toddlers often use reflexive relations:**
Reflexive relations are early words that indicate the state of objects

23. These reflexive relations include:

24. Reflexive relations also include:

25. 3 types of relational words (that express relationships among objects):

26. Children’s learning styles have an impact

27. Expressive learning style:

28. III. COMBINING WORDS, MEANING, AND FUNCTIONS**

29. A. Introduction Combining words is significant because it indicates that toddlers:

30. Characteristics of true 2-word utterances:

31. B. Semantic-Syntactic Considerations**
Semantic-syntactic rules emphasize that meaning precedes and influences form
The meaning most frequently expressed by toddlers in two-word utterances increasingly shifts to action

32. Semantic Relations (only the ones with an * are on the test)**
Agent + action* Mommy kiss
Action + object* Pet doggy
Agent + object Cocoa bone (Cocoa is associated with the bone; this is not possessive)
Demonstrative + entity* That spoon
Entity + locative* Cereal bowl (the cereal is in the bowl)
Action + locative Put car
Possesser + possession* Mark toy
Attribute + entity* Yummy snack

33. IV. DEVELOPMENT IN PRAGMATICS**
A. Introduction
Toddlers can stand, walk, and run, the world opens up!
Generally understand cause-effect; behavior influences caregivers’ actions
Have object permanence

34. C. Developing Dialogue**
1. Presupposition—refers to speakers’ ability to judge how much their listeners might know about the subject being introduced and to adapt their utterances accordingly.
Most conversations between toddlers and caregivers are about the here-and-now, so presuppositional skills are not much needed.

35. 2. Turn-taking

36. 3. Topic initiation —establishing a subject for a conversation a speaker is about to begin.**
Hey, get this…
Guess what?
By the way…
Did you know that…
Then, introduce subject familiar to both people
Next, add new information

37. For example,**
Hey, get this. You know that PayLess Shoe store on Greenback where we love to get those $15.99 pairs of shoes?
Well, they closed! Now the only one even remotely nearby is at Arden Fair mall.

38. Conversations with toddlers…**
Develop out of things that have just engaged their attention.
“Drive car!”
Usually dialogue follows

39. The social-cognitive basis for communication…

40. This is why, in the special day preschool classroom:**
My absolute #1 goal is joint attention

41. Joint attention for developing sounds!**

42. V. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

44. VI.IMPACT OF BILINGUALISM**
Higher maternal education is associated with children having better English vocabularies, faster English vocabulary development, and greater knowledge of English

45. Simultaneous acquisition…

46. VII. INTERVENTION WITH TODDLERS WHOSE LANGUAGE IS DELAYED

47. Have the parent read with the child
In this video of Dao and Joseph, what is Dao doing right to have Joseph read interactively with him in Hmong and English?
Celeste Roseberry youtube

48. Several specific techniques:**
Incidental teaching: adult carefully observes the child, takes advantage of spontaneous teachable moments
E.g. , if the child points to a cat, adult can say “Look, there is a gray cat. I wonder why she looks so funny?”

49. Ask open-ended and topic-continuing questions rather than closed questions**
Closed question: “Do you want milk?”
Open-ended question: “What would you like to drink?”
When the child says something, respond in a topic-continuing way
Child: I saw Sesame Street
Teacher: Oh, that’s nice. (NO)
Teacher: Wow! What happened on Sesame Street? (YES)

50. Use communicative temptations:

51. Suggestions for communicative temptations:

53. Youtube video
Tempting Your Child to Communicate During Speech and Language Therapy (Part 2)
Letsgrowspeech

54. Most of all…**
Language develops optimally when children get plenty of attention
Attention is the greatest reinforcer of all

55. PowerPoint Outline** I. Development in Related Domains II. First Words
III. Combining Words, Meaning, and Functions
IV. Development in Pragmatics
V. Phonological Processes
VI. Impact of Bilingualism
VII. Intervention for Toddlers Whose Language is Delayed