1. Chapter 10 States of Matter & Water Cycle
West Valley High School
General Chemistry
Mr. Mata

2. Standard 2h
Students will identify solids and liquids held together by forces, and to relate these forces with boiling and melting points.

3. Essential Question
What are physical & chemical properties of liquids and solids?

4. Kinetic Molecular Theory (Ideal Gases)
1. Gases move continuously.
2. Particles extremely small.
3. Forces between molecules negligible.
4. Collisions are elastic (no loss of energy).
5. Average kinetic energy of gas particles same for all gases at same temperature.

5. Gases, Liquids and Solids
Most gases monatomic.
Small molecules with covalent bonding.
Pure liquids composed of molecules with covalent bonding.
All ionic compounds are solids. They conduct electricity when heated, melted or aqueous.
Except for mercury, all metals are solid and conduct electricity.

6. The Liquid State Viscosity: resistance of a liquid to flow.
Related to molecule shape.
Small molecules have low viscosities.
Large molecules have high viscosities.

7. Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension: energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid.
Liquids with stronger attractive forces have a greater surface tension (ex: H2O).
A molecule in the middle of a liquid is attracted equally in all directions.
Surface area minimized.
Light objects float.

8. Surface Tension
Detergents or surfactants can lower surface tension, causing water to wet a surface.
This allows cleaning agent to “bind” to dirt molecules and carry away.
Hg pure H2O H2O with detergent

9. Boiling Point Liquid heated; vapor pressure increases.
Boiling point (B.P.) =
vapor pressure = external pressure
Normal boiling point = temp where vapor pressure of a liquid = 1 atm.

10. Classification of Solids
Ionic solids - ions at lattice point in crystal.
Molecular solids - molecules at each lattice.
Covalent network solids - atoms at lattice points; covalent bonds.
Ex: graphite & diamond.

11. Graphite, an Allotrope of Carbon

12. The Structure of Diamond, an Allotrope of Carbon

13. Vaporization and Condensation
Vaporization: molecules of liquid break away and enter the gas phase.
Condensation: molecules in gas phase enter the liquid phase.

14. Distillation
In simple distillation, a solution of two volatile liquid compounds are heated to boiling.
The more volatile component is in higher concentration in the vapor than in the liquid.
Separation technique for liquids.

15. Distillation Apparatus

16. Melting and Freezing
When solid is heated, particles vibrate more vigorously and become liquid.
This process is called melting.
When a substance changes from a liquid to a solid the process is called freezing.

17. Water Water is a unique substance.
Molecular bonding consists primarily of hydrogen bonds which are quite strong.
Relatively high boiling point (100oC) and melting point (0oC)
Moderate density (~1 g/mL)
High Specific Heat (4.184 J/g)
High Heat of Vaporization

18. Properties of Water High surface tension
High capillarity (Hydrogen bonds). Adhesion > cohesion.
Density of liquid > solid
ice floats
Due to hydrogen bonding, open structure of ice.

19. Solvent Properties of Water
Highly polar, able to form hydrogen bonds.
Good solvent for ionic compounds.

20. The Water Cycle Water never leaves the Earth.
Constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land.
Process known as the water cycle.
Driven by energy from the sun.
The water cycle is crucial to the existence of life on our planet.

21. The Water Cycle

22. The Water Cycle

23. The Water Cycle
During part of the water cycle, the sun heats up liquid water and changes it to a gas by the process of evaporation.
Water that evaporates from Earth’s oceans, lakes, rivers, and moist soil rises up into the atmosphere.

24. The Water Cycle
The process of evaporation from plants is called transpiration. (In other words, it’s like plants sweating.)

25. The Water Cycle
As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the atmosphere, it starts to cool and become a liquid again.
This process is called condensation.
When a large amount of water vapor condenses, it results in the formation of clouds.

26. The Water Cycle
When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth.
This is called precipitation.

27. The Water Cycle
When rain falls on the land, some of the water is absorbed into the ground forming pockets of water called groundwater.
Most groundwater eventually returns to the ocean by way of streams and rivers.
Water that collects in rivers, streams, and oceans is called runoff.

28. Chapter 10 SUTW Prompt
List three properties of water and describe how each property related to the water cycle.
Complete an sentence paragraph using the SUTW paragraph format. Use green, yellow, pink hilighers.
Due Date: Monday, Aug. 29th at beginning of your regular class.