1. Prejudice and Discrimination
CHAPTER 13
Prejudice and Discrimination

2. Prejudice and discrimination
Stereotyping as the basis of prejudiced attitudes
Cognitive component: presumption of out-group homogeneity, distortion of social perception (biased assimilation), and self-fulfilling prophecies
Affective component: anxiety and emotional arousal
Behavioral component: latent and manifest discrimination

4. Prejudice and discrimination
Stereotyping as the basis of prejudiced attitudes
Cognitive component: presumption of out-group homogeneity, distortion of social perception (biased assimilation), and self-fulfilling prophecies
Affective component: anxiety and emotional arousal
Behavioral component: latent and manifest discrimination

5. Prejudice and discrimination
Descriptive versus prescriptive stereotypes
Resistance of stereotypes: encouraging an “accuracy set,” discouraging a reliance on stereotypic cues, paying people to be accurate all fail to counter stereotyping
Compensatory stereotypes: the misbehaving minister

6. Prejudice and discrimination
Discrimination: prejudice in action
Forms of discrimination: avoidance, exclusion, denial of opportunities and benefits, exploitation, assault, abuse, hate crimes, murder
Job discrimination: in hiring, training, job assignment, pay and promotion, denial of assistance and benefits, tokenism

7. Explanations of prejudice
Intergroup conflict: competition and realistic conflict theory
“Us” versus “them”: social categorization
The ingroup/outgroup distinction
Ingroup heterogeneity, outgroup homogeneity, presumed superiority of ingroup, social competition

8. Explanations of prejudice
The role of social learning: Are bigots made, rather than born?
Direct socialization: family, peers, teachers
Indirect socialization: mass media
Innate prejudice? Are bigots born, rather than made?: the possible role of evolved xenophobia
Summing up: all explanations may play a role

11. Explanations of prejudice
The role of social learning: Are bigots made, rather than born?
Direct socialization: family, peers, teachers
Indirect socialization: mass media
Innate prejudice? Are bigots born, rather than made?: the possible role of evolved xenophobia
Summing up: all explanations may play a role

12. Prejudice and discrimination in the workplace
Negative effects: loss of human potential, damage to individual lives and careers, friction and conflict in the workplace, low morale, hostile work environment
Discrimination based on gender
Negative stereotyping and discrimination based on gender (sexism)
Gender role stereotypes: individual differences are underestimated
Countering gender role stereotypes: individuating information about competence puts people in a “special subgroup”
Devaluing female achievement: luck, skill, or effort?

13. Prejudice and discrimination in the workplace
Sexism in work settings: some positive news
Modern racism: some bad news
Old fashioned racism: blatant prejudice and discrimination
Modern racism: subtle and even unconscious (Word, Zanna, & Cooper study)
Study 1: White interviewers treated the Black applicants differently than the White applicants
Study 2: White interviewees who were treated like the Black applicants in Study 1 were also judged to have performed less well during their interview.

14. Reducing prejudice and discrimination
Breaking the chain of bigotry
Educational campaigns
Counteracting prejudice upbringings in the schools
Changing media portrayals
Standing up to bigots

15. Reducing prejudice and discrimination
Increasing intergroup contact
Increased recognition of similarity and common ground
Replacing stereotyped beliefs with individuating knowledge and understanding
Mere exposure effect: familiarity leads to increased liking
For these effects to occur, the contacts must be (1) equal-status, (2) informal rather than formal, and (3) cooperative rather than competitive