1. Chapter 8 Establishment of the New Government

2. Establishing a Cabinet Secretary of State: Jefferson
Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp
Establishing a Cabinet
Secretary of State: Jefferson
Secretary of the Treasury: Hamilton
Secretary of War: Knox
Attorney General: Randolph

3. Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
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Different Visions
Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
wanted America to be an urban, industrial country with a diverse economy
Thomas Jefferson (Anti-Federalist)
wanted America to be rural and agricultural

4. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
One of the biggest problems facing the new administration was the lack of funds.

5. repay money borrowed during the Revolution
Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp
Hamilton’s Plan
levy taxes
import tariffs and excise tax
repay money borrowed during the Revolution
repay debts incurred by the states
establish a national bank

6. the assumption of state debts the establishment of a national bank
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Differing Views
the assumption of state debts
the establishment of a national bank
political parties
Federalist Party: led by Hamilton
Democratic Republicans (Republicans): led by Jefferson

7. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
The Whiskey Rebellion
Famers in western Pennsylvania, who were angry over the whiskey tax, attacked federal officials.
Washington offered the rebels a group pardon if they would agree to abide by law, but they refused.

8. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
Washington led a force of militiamen against the rebels, proving the nation’s commitment to the rule of law.

9. Establishing the Federal Court System Judiciary Act of 1789
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Establishing the Federal Court System
Judiciary Act of 1789
Supreme Court: led by John Jay
Federal district courts: one located in each of the thirteen states

10. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
Circuit courts of appeals: established to hear appeals sent up by the federal courts and state supreme courts

11. The Bill of Rights was ratified by the states in late 1791.
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The Bill of Rights was ratified by the states in late 1791.

12. Fighting Indians on the Frontier
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Fighting Indians on the Frontier
The government broke many of its treaties with the Indians along the frontier in order to take their land.
The Indians began to fight back in an attempt to save their lands.

13. Battle of Fallen Timbers
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Battle of Fallen Timbers
Anthony Wayne: the hero of Fallen Timbers
Treaty of Greenville: The Indians gave up their claim to half of Ohio.

14. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
Although the United States had established its independence with its victory in the Revolution, other world nations were unsure of its strength.

15. America and the French Revolution
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America and the French Revolution
The French Revolution took a different approach than the American Revolution.

16. America’s Position of Neutrality
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America’s Position of Neutrality
The French Revolution divided Americans.

17. Washington proposed a policy of neutrality in European affairs.
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Washington proposed a policy of neutrality in European affairs.
Neutrality Proclamation: declared America “impartial” to all possible foreign foes

18. French agent who tested the Neutrality Proclamation
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Citizen Genêt
French agent who tested the Neutrality Proclamation

19. Trouble with the British
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Trouble with the British
contention: disagreement over the rights of neutral countries at sea
Impressment
the seizing of American sailors to serve on British ships

20. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
The Jay Treaty, 1794
United States: agreed to limit trade with France and pay British citizens what they owed them

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British: agreed to abandon their forts in the Northwest, pay the United States for ships seized, and open some ports in the British West Indies to American trade

22. Settling Differences with Spain
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Settling Differences with Spain
Spain continued to threaten American settlements along the frontier.
Pinckney Treaty: gave the United States the right of deposit and established the border along the thirty-first parallel

23. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
Washington’s most important precedent was his voluntary surrender of power.

24. Washington’s Farewell avoid political parties
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Washington’s Farewell
avoid political parties
avoid entangling alliances
avoid debt

25. Republican candidate: Thomas Jefferson
Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp
The Election of 1796
Republican candidate: Thomas Jefferson
Federalist candidate: John Adams

26. In Washington’s Shadow
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In Washington’s Shadow
Adams was well qualified for the presidency but was never very popular and was undermined by internal conflicts in his cabinet.

27. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
George Washington had set a good example as the first president. The country was growing stronger. But President Adams still had a difficult job ahead of him.

28. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
The XYZ Affair
The French (in response to the Jay Treaty) began targeting American shipping

29. American Envoys Meet French Agents
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American Envoys Meet French Agents
Adams sent John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to assist Thomas Pinckney in negotiating with the French.

30. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
French agents (X, Y, and Z) sought a bribe from the American envoy sent to meet with the French government.

31. In response, Congress began preparing the country for war.
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A Call to Arms
In response, Congress began preparing the country for war.
“quasi-war”: undeclared war between the United States and France

32. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
War Avoided
Convention of 1800: peace agreement with France, ending the “quasi war”

33. The Alien and Sedition Acts
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
purpose: to protect the country in war and limit the power of the Republicans
Naturalization Act: extended the time required to gain American citizenship

34. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
Alien Enemies Act: allowed the president to imprison or expel any “dangerous” foreigner
Sedition Act: any person who wrote or published anything false or malicious against the government could be fined and imprisoned.

35. Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts
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Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: written by Madison and Jefferson
nullification: The states had the right to nullify any federal law within its boundaries.

36. The Disputed Election of 1800 candidates
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The Disputed Election of 1800
candidates
Federalist: Adams
Republican: Jefferson
winner: Jefferson/Burr

37. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government

38. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
One of John Adams’s final accomplishments was the appointment of a new chief justice to the Supreme Court. His appointment had far-reaching effects on the power of the court.

39. The Appointment of John Marshall John Marshall
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The Appointment of John Marshall
John Marshall
appointed chief justice shortly before Adams left office
believed that the judiciary branch was “the weakest of the three departments of power”

40. The Judiciary Bill and the Midnight Judges
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The Judiciary Bill and the Midnight Judges
“midnight judges”: Adams appointed fifty-eight new judges the night before he left office.

41. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Governmentpp
Marbury v. Madison
judicial review: gave the court the power to determine the constitutionality of a law