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Year 7 – Knowledge Organiser – Science – HT3
KO Quizzes: Wk1=Area1,2,3. Wk2=2,3,4. Wk3=3,4,5. Wk4=4,5,6. Wk5=5,6,7. Wk6 = 6,7,8,9.
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Year 8 – Knowledge Organiser – Science – HT3
KO Quizzes: Wk1=Area1,2,3. Wk2=2,3,4,5. Wk3=4,5,6. Wk4=5,6,7. Wk5=7,8,9. Wk6 = 8,9,10.
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Year 9 – Knowledge Organiser – AQA Combined Science – HT3 (Spring 1)
KO Quizzes: Wk1: Areas 1,2. Wk2: Areas 2,3,4. Wk3: Areas 4,5,6. Wk4: Areas 6,7,8. Wk5: Areas 7,8,9 1. Energy stores and systems 4. Power 7. Energy Conservation and Dissipation What is a system? An object or group of objects What happens when a system changes? The way energy is stored changes System Change in energy storage An object projected upwards Kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy A moving object hitting a vehicle Kinetic energy transferred to thermal and sound An object accelerated by constant force Increase in kinetic energy A vehicle slowing down Decrease in kinetic energy Bringing water to boil in an electric kettle Electrical energy being transferred to thermal energy (and sound) Definition Word equation Symbol equation Units Rate at which energy is transferred Power = energy transferred time P = E t P - W E – J t – s Rate at which work is done work done P = W W – J A power of one Watt is an energy transfer of one Joule per second What is a closed system? A system with no external forces acting on it & no mass is transferred in or out of it. There is no net change to the total energy What is an open system? A system with external forces acting on it & mass can be transferred in or out of it. How is energy stored in a system? Energy can be stored usefully and some energy is dissipated (wasted) Example: energy stores in a hair dryer Useful energy: thermal Dissipated/wasted energy: sound Example: energy stores in a TV Useful energy: light and sound Dissipated/wasted energy: thermal 8. Thermal Conductivity and Insulation 5. Efficiency What is thermal conductivity? A measure of how quickly energy can be transferred by conduction through a material What does it mean if a material has high thermal conductivity? Energy is transferred by conduction very quickly What two factors affect how quickly a building cools down? Thickness of its walls Thermal conductivity of its walls How do these factors affect how quickly a building cools down? If we slow the rate of conduction, the building will cool down slower. We need: Thick wallsit takes for energy to be transferred by conduction Walls made of material with low thermal conductivitythe longer it takes for energy to be transferred by conduction Efficiency In term of energy transfer = Useful output energy transfer Total input energy transfer In terms of power = Useful power output Total power input Measures how much energy or power is usefully transferred. It is value between 0 and 1. 0 no input energy or power is usefully transferred 1 all the input energy or power is usefully transferred 2. Changes in Energy 6. Hooke’s Law 9. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy sources Energy Definition Word equation Symbol equation Units Kinetic energy, Ek Energy associated with moving objects Kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x (speed)2 Ek = 1mv2 2 Ek – J m – kg v – m/s Elastic potential energy, Ee Energy associated with a compressed spring Elastic potential energy = 0.5 x spring constant x(extension)2 Ee = 1ke2 Ee – J k – N/m e – m Gravitational potential energy, Eg Energy associated with objects raised above ground level Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height Eg=mgh Eg – J M – kg g – N/kg h – m Work done, W Another way of saying “energy transferred” Work done = force x distance W = Fd W – J F – N d - m What needs to be applied for an object to change shape? A force What is elastic deformation? Once the force is removed from an object, it returns to its original shape What is inelastic deformation? Once the force is removed from an object, it does not return to its original shape What is Hooke’s Law? The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied to it Does Hooke’s Law hold for all applied forces? No, after a large enough force, the spring will not be able to stretch anymore. What s the experimental setup for testing Hooke’s Law? What does a graph of force applied against extension of spring look like>? Energy source Uses Advantages Disadvantages Coal Electricity generation, heating Found in many places Easy to transport to power stations Cheap Non-renewablewill run out in 100 years Produces CO2 global warming Produces SO2 acid rain Miners get various lung-related illnesses Oil and natural gas Electricity generation, heating, transport Easy to transport Non-renewable Risk of environmental damage when oil spills Nuclear fuel Electricity generation No greenhouse gas emissions Very little needed to generate lots of energy Non-renewable– uranium supplies will run out Waste is radioactive and harmful Risk of severe nuclear explosions Biofuel Renewable Uses things that would otherwise be thrown away Greenhouse gas emissions Biofuel crops are grown in place of food May run out of space Wind Wind is freemain cost in building wind turbine Can only be used in areas with lots of wind Amount of wind varies daily Need many turbines to generate sufficient electricity Eye-sore Hydro-electric Water is free Expensive to build dam (large wall in water) Building a dam requires floodingaffects local wildlife If insufficientrainfallnot enough water to turn turbines Geothermal Heating Free No greenhouse has emissions Limited number of places where power stations can be built Harmful gases and minerals can come up from ground Tidal Tides are freemain cost in building power station Know when tides happenknow when electricity will be generated Need to build a damdestroys habitats for plants and animals Tides happen twice a daylimited time for electricity generation Solar Energy from sun is free Power stations are expensive to build If cloudy or darknot enough light to generate electricity Water waves Waves is freemain cost is in building power station Size of waves varyelectricity cannot always be generated Need to transport electricity from sea to land Technology is newequipment is expensive 3. Specific Heat Capacity Energy change Word equation Symbol equation Units Amount of energy stored or released in a system as its temperature changes Change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change ΔE = mcΔΘ E – J m – kg c – J/kgoC Θ - oC Specific heat capacity: Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1oC What is the setup for measuring the specific heat capacity of a metal block? Thermometer 50W heater Block being measured
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Year 10 – Knowledge Organiser – AQA Combined Science – HT3 (Spring 1)
KO Quizzes: Wk1: Areas 1. Wk2: Areas 2. Wk3: Areas 3. Wk4: Areas 4. Wk5: Areas 1,2. Wk6: Areas 3,4. 1) The structure of the atom: Atoms are very small, having a radius of about 1 × metres The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/ of the radius of an atom. Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. The electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels). The electron arrangements may change with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (move further from the nucleus; a higher energy level) or by the emission of electromagnetic radiation (move closer to the nucleus; a lower energy level). 2) Nuclear decay and radiation: Radioactive decay= A random process where some atomic nuclei are unstable. The nucleus gives out radiation as it changes to become more stable. Activity is the rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays. Activity is measured in Becquerel (Bq) Count-rate is the number of decays recorded each second by a detector (eg Geiger-Muller tube). 1Bq=1 count per second. The three types of nuclear radiation emitted: Note that neutrons(n) can also be emitted during radioactive decay 3) Nuclear Equations: Are used to represent radioactive decay Beta - when emitted the mass number does not change and the atomic number increases by 1 Alpha- when emitted the mass number is reduced by 4 and the atomic number by 2 Gamma emission does not cause a change in the mass or charge of the nucleus. Half-life The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve, or the time it takes for the count rate (or activity) from a sample containing the isotope to fall to half its initial level. Isotopes = Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus, but the same number of protons. Mass number is the average mass of all of that elements isotopes. Paper 3-5mm Aluminium Sheet of lead Atomic number = number of protons Mass number = Total number of protons and neutrons In an atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atoms have no overall electrical charge Atoms turn into positive ions if they lose one or more outer electron(s). Atoms turn into negative ions if they gain one or more outer electron(s). 4). Nuclear Physics Models of the atom Before the discovery of the electron, atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided. Plum pudding model: Thought that the atom was a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it. The nuclear model: Replaced the plum pudding model. Mass of the atom concentrated in a central nucleus, electrons orbit this nucleus. Plum pudding model Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment: Bombarded thin gold foil with positive alpha particles. If the plum pudding model was correct they should of all passed through. Some positive alpha particles were deflected which means they were reflected as they were repelled by something with the same charge (the nucleus) that was much heavier.
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Year 11 – Knowledge Organiser – AQA Combined Science – HT3 (Spring 1)
KO Quizzes: Wk1: Equations 1-5. Wk2: Equations Wk3: Equations Wk4: Areas 2 and 3. Wk5: All equations. Wk6: All. Area 1: Physics Equations. Area 2: Some physics definitions. Keyword Definition/Equation Stopping distance the sum of the distance the vehicle travels during the driver’s reaction time (thinking distance) and the distance it travels under the braking force (braking distance). Law of conservation of momentum In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event. Gas pressure This pressure produces a net force at right angles to the wall of the container. Internal Energy is the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up a system. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius Latent Heat is the energy needed for a substance to change state. Specific latent heat is the amount of energy required to change the state of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature. Specific latent heat of fusion Energy required change of state from solid to liquid of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature. Specific latent heat of vaporisation Energy required change of state from liquid to vapour of one kilogram of the substance with no change in temperature. Area 3: Biology - Enzymes.
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