1. Ch. 14 Encounters and empires, 1450-1750 (3 rd part)
Russian & Chinese Empires

2. What was the origin of the Russian state
What was the origin of the Russian state? What were the 2 most important Russian cities?
How did the Russian state develop?
What were the reasons for expansion?

3. a)The making of a Russian Empire
End of 15th C, dissolution of the Golden Horde
1500, a small Russian state emerged, centered on Moscow( Muscovy)
During 300 yrs. grew into an empire
Expansion
To S & E – (into the grasslands):for security, against nomads
Into Siberia (far East): for opportunity( furs,timber); after 1700: gold, coal, penal colony
( expansion to the E was led by Cossacks)

4. What was the Russian policy in the new conquered territories?
What were the consequences of the Russian conquest for the conquered peoples?

5. b)Conseq. for the conquered peoples
Conquest through: modern weapons& org.
1)Defeated peoples: paid tribute & swore allegiance to the tsar
2) Forced to convert to Christianity
3 )discouraged pastoralism
4) Process of Russification (Russians settled in the new lands where they outnumbered the native popul., forced the native people to adopt the Russian culture); brought with them devastating epidemics: smallpox & measles (natives-no immunity)

6. C) Conseq. for Russians
Russian became a smaller proportion of the popul. of the new empire
18th C: Russia became a great power( Europ. & Asian) due to rich large lands, furs, minerals.
Russians-became a minority within their empire
To have control, they
1)Became a militarized state
2)Reinforced autocracy

7. What were the dif. between the Russian & American colonization?

8. Russia
Americas colonies
Conquered territories with which it had long interacted
The development of the Russian state was paralleled
by these conquests
The Russian Empire survived (under dif. forms) until 1991
Were new territ.
The metropolis developed hundred of yrs. before
The colonies became indep. at the end of 18th & beginning of 19th C

9. What were the dif. between the Russian and the Asian Empires?

10. Asian Empires Were regional, not global Did not involve epidemics
Didn’t’ transform radically their homelands like interaction with the Americas & Siberia did for European powers

11. Who were the representatives of the Qing dynasty?
What were the causes of conquest?
How was ruled the new territory & who ruled it?

13. Qing dynasty Ming dynasty( 1368-1644) was replaced by Qing (1644-1912)
Qing-foreign dynasty (Manchu nomads who conquered China)
Launched 80yrs. ( )expansion to the North & West
Motivation: security fears, reaction to the Zunghar state, China became an empire

14. Conquered territory
Conquered territory was ruled by the Court of Colonial Affairs & was separated from the rest of China.
Chinese authorities
Use local elites to govern( local elites imitate the Chinese)
No process of assimilation
Insignificant Chinese settlement in the conquered regions

15. What was the relig. distribution of the Mughal Empire?
What yrs. did the Mughal Empire rule India? What were the main features of these empire?
What was the relig. distribution of the Mughal Empire?

16. Mughal Empire 1526-1707 Mughal=Mongol
A Turkic group conquered the Delhi Sultanate in 1526 & established the Mughal Empire
Relig. division: 20% Muslim, 80 % Hindu
Founder: Babur
Most imp. Mughal: Akbar-made accommodations for the Hindu majority

17. Akbar’s rule 1556-1605 Policy of toleration
Brought Hindu into the political-military elite
More imp. loyalty to the emperor, not to the relig.
Abolished jizya by non-Muslims
Married a Hindu( Rajput)
His toleration provoked reaction among MUslims

18. Aurangzeb’s rule( )
Abolished the toleration policy, imposed Islamic supremacy
Reimposed jizya
Destroyed Hindu temples
Banned sati, music & entertainment at court
His policy led to Hindu reaction
Fights between Hindu and Muslims led to the decline of the Mughal Empire after 1707

19. Ottoman Empire 14-20 C Most imp. Islamic empire of the modern world
conflict between Sunni( O.E.) & Shia( Safavid empire)
Relig. diversity
Anatolia: Islam
Balkans: Christianiy b/c Ottomans accommodated Christian churches & were few Turks in the region
20% of the population in Balkan P. converted to Islam

20. Ottoman Empire Balkans: Christians accepted the O. E. b/c
The Turks taxed less & were less oppressive
Christian churches-got autonomy
The elites were accepted among the Ottoman elites without conversion
O.E.= a threat for Christendom (the Turks were stopped at Vienna)