1. Economic and Social Development
Disparity
Economic and Social Development

2. In addition to the demographic transition discussed in the Population unit, countries go through economic and social stages of development. For example if a country’s economy is enhanced, the population’s standard of living is also enhanced. Education and income will also rise and according to the demographic transition, their birth rates should decrease.

3. The Industrial Revolution created a huge transformation, but only in countries in Europe and North America. Their economies moved towards ‘Industrialization’. Not only did Europe and North America go through social and economic change, so did other parts of the world - the parts of the world that had the resources to fuel this industrialization…
From this point on Rich and Poor countries emerged.

4. Rich countries were called Industrialized or Developed
Rich countries were called Industrialized or Developed. Development can be broken down into seven Dimensions:
Human Dimensions
Cultural Dimensions
Political Dimensions
Economic Dimensions
Development
Environmental Dimensions
Gender Dimensions
Social Dimensions

5. Cultural Dimension: Deals with local history and culture.
Political Dimension: Deals with freedom and democracy.
Environmental Dimension: Deals with sustainable development and ecological sensitivity.
Gender Dimension: Deals with gender inequalities such as income, involvement, education, and life expectancy.
Social Dimension: Deals with inequalities in poverty and age groups.
Economic Dimension: Deals with the size of the economy. The income and purchasing power of the population. Job availability is also important.
Human Dimension: Deals with education, basic needs, freedom of choice and overall health and well-being.

6. The above dimensions can be measured using what we call economic and social indicators.
Such as: Birth rate, death rate, GNP, number of people per doctor, population pyramids etc.

7. When we think of Developed countries we think of:
Manufacturing of products
High levels of consumerism – buying goods and services.
An advanced infrastructure, that has a strong transportation and communication network.
Higher education – University and College.
Ownership of land and capital (money)
The existence of Multi-National companies.
Centres of political power.
Leaders in Global communication.

8. The poorer countries are designated: Developing or less developed.
These terms suggest that in order to reach the Developed stage they have to pass through other stages in order to be like Europe or North America.
There are a number of theories that try to illustrate the road to development:

9. The Modernization Theory (the stages to economic growth) by W. W
The Modernization Theory (the stages to economic growth) by W.W. Rostow:
Stage 1, the traditional society: This stage is characterized by rural and agricultural economies. Little change occurs in this stage with only a very low level of technology. Bangladesh and Ethiopia today and Canada before 1850.
Stage 2, preconditions for takeoff: This stage is apparent when a strong central government encourages “entrepreneurs” to develop businesses. Society has a surplus of wealth. In this stage natural resources become important and are exploited. Britain was the first in 1750 (Industrial Revolution). India and Indonesia today and Canada from 1850 on.

10. Stage 3, the takeoff: This stage is characterized by higher rates of capital investment and more and more entrepreneurs which leads to a manufacturing industry and technological innovations. The tertiary (services) sector starts to grow as well as urbanization. People start to save money which creates a class of future spenders. Foreign Aid could place a country in this stage, Brazil and Mexico today and Canada in the 1900s.
Stage 4, the drive to maturity: A strong manufacturing sector is evident. Technology and innovations is widespread. Diversified economy. High levels of saving create wealth. Economic gain outstrips population growth. Hong Kong, South Korea today and Canada in the 1950s.

11. Stage 5, the age of high mass consumption: The society in this stage is predominately urban. There is a high use of technology, high levels of productivity, and a high per capita income. A surplus of money to be spent on non-essentials. Japan, the U.S. and Canada after 1950 to the present.
The above is a theory created by someone from a rich country, it is a capitalist point of view. The developing countries find it hard to reach the latter stages. Brazil and Mexico borrowed lots of money to create capital but of course they fell into debt. Their debt led to economic hardship. They became rich in human resources but the creation of wealth and entrepreneurs did not happen.

12. Often the capital for the developing world’s business remains in the hands of the developed world. Multinational companies invest in the businesses of the developing countries, but the profits go back to the developed countries.
5. Age of high mass consumption
4. Drive to maturity
Levels of Economic Development
2. Preconditions for takeoff
3. Takeoff
1. Traditional Society
Time

14. Core and Periphery Theory by Immanuel Wallerstein:
Wallerstein characterizes a world system as a set of mechanisms which redistributes surplus value from the periphery to the core. In his terminology, the core is the developed, industrialized part of the world, and the periphery is the "underdeveloped", typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world; the market being the means by which the core exploits the periphery. (wiki)
Wallerstein states that originally the countries centered in Western Europe formed an economic “Core” around which the development of the rest of the world – the “Periphery” – took place.
These western countries had strong governments, and strong armies to support later economic expansion. Trading developed around the main urban centres of London, Paris and Madrid. Large amounts of Capital was available and this financed the development of later empires.

15. The “periphery” included Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. These countries were essentially controlled by other countries. They developed economies to feed materials back to the core. Much of the labour provided in the periphery was forced labour, controlled by the core countries.
Wallerstein suggests that there are four categories into which each region of the world may be placed:
Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery, External

16. Core: - initially developed in Europe - strong central governments with military support - surplus money from periphery returns to core - Urbanization and Industrialization - international trade works in favour of Core countries.
Semi-Periphery: - areas bordering the core and Periphery. Outlying core areas that are in decline or Outlying Periphery areas that are economically getting stronger. - access to international banking is either declining (core) or increasing (periphery) - manufactured goods – (electrical, computers) - exploits the periphery countries

17. Periphery: - most industry is owned by core - no central or strong government - surplus profits go back to core - raw materials sent back to core for consumer markets - inexpensive labour
External: - countries are outside the world economy - not really controlled by any economic or political powers - isolated from trading countries - Cuba, North Korea, Iran, Iraq before the war.

19. Today the core countries can consist of North America (Canada and the US.) Interesting but in the early 1900’s Canada was considered a Semi-Periphery country.
The Semi-Periphery countries today are Eastern Europe including Russia and China and India and Malaysia.
The Periphery countries include most of Africa, except South Africa (Semi-Periphery), Central Asia (Middle East, Turkey, the ‘stan countries – Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and South-East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Cambodia)

20. Wallerstein suggests that the traditional cores will continue to dominate the periphery regions of the world. Latin America will be dominated by North America and Africa will be dominated by Europe.
Cores may shift in size and even multiply but their function will remain the same.

21. Wallerstein sees that the present capitalist world economy will be detrimental to a large proportion of the world’s population. He sees the disparities of the world increasing. The gap between rich and poor serves the economic needs of the rich. The rich need to exploit the low wages of the poor. This is the only way Multi-nationals can make money.
According to the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) the gap between rich and poor has widened from 30:1 in 1960 to 60:1 in 1990.

22. The End!