1. Coordination and smooth movements require additional input
Cerebellum – compares motor cortex output with what is happening in body. Important for acquiring physical skills (procedural memory)
Basal nuclei – inhibits unwanted movements. Associated with Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease

2. Basal nuclei inhibits muscle tone
selects and maintains purposeful muscle activity while inhibiting useless movement
monitors and controls slow, sustained contractions (posture)

3. Hypotonia - low muscle tone
normal

4. Mid-brain
Hypothalamus – Controls much of the endocrine system via pituitary gland
Thalamus - performs some sensory processing, transmits signals to ‘higher’ areas
Pineal – linked with circadian clock

5. Thalamus

6. Table 5.3 (1) Page 144 Cerebellum Brain stem Cerebellum Brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Medulla
Brain stem
Brain stem
Pons
Medulla

7. Limbic association cortex
A set of interconnected brain areas that fxn in motivation, emotion, and memory

8. Limbic system Involves both cortical and subcortical regions
“Feeling and reacting brain” vs. thinking brain of frontal cortex.
Fear, anger, pleasure and sexual drive
Reward and punishment centers exist

9. Limbic system: amygdala
Receives signals right from thalamus when experiencing fearful stimuli (emotional stimuli) Amygdala is associated with hippocampus, learning.

10. Memory
Short-term memory – stored for a few minutes and can contain only a few items or concepts (like a phone number). Items can get ‘bumped’ from STM.
Long-term memory – lasts years or more – generally stored in cortex. Includes factual info about the world, and personal events.

11. Hippocampus
Short-term memory is converted to long-term memory using signals involving the hippocampus
Hippocampus is an area where new neurons can be produced.

12. How we remember Storage in temporal lobes, limbic system, cerebellum
Newly acquired
information
Usually
permanently lost
Short-term
memory stores
Rapid retrieval
(Practice)
Inability to
retrieve
Searching and
readout
“Forgetting”
Consolidation
“Remembering”
Long-term
memory stores
Usually only
transiently unable
to access stores
Slower retrieval, except for
thoroughly ingrained memories,
which are rapidly retrieved
Storage in temporal lobes, limbic system, cerebellum

13. Alzheimer’s disease
In Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal proteins cause damage to neurons (amyloid beta, tau)
The hippocampus is the first to be affected

14. Brain stem and cerebellum
Brain stem - Controls basic functions: breathing, heart rate, digestion, etc. Cerebellum maintains balance, enhances muscle tone, and coordinates skilled muscle activity

15. Reticular activating system
Visual
impulses
Brain
stem
Reticular
formation
Auditory
impulses
Spinal cord

16. How long should sleep last?
Humans generally require 7-8 hours of sleep
10% require more
5% require less (some have mutation on DEC2 or BHLHE41 genes). They have reduced sleep but no less NREM sleep

17. Our brain is not really a ‘swiss army knife’
Idea that areas of the brain distinctly focus on one sense has been discarded There is a lot of ‘cross-talk’ between the senses (i.e. what you see influences what you hear and so on)
Then Now

18. Figure 5.28 Page 173 Cervical Cervical cord nerves Thoracic nerves
Lumbar
nerves
Lumbar
cord
Cauda
equina
Sacral
nerves
Sacral
cord
Coccygeal
nerve

19. Dermatome - a patch of skin innervated by the same spinal nerve

20. Spinal
cord
Spinal
nerve
Meninges
layers
Vertebra

21. Nerve- a bundle of peripheral axons
Nerve- a bundle of peripheral axons. Spinal nerves contain afferent and efferent fibers.

22. Spinal nerve From receptors To effectors Interneuron Cell body of
efferent neuron
Interneuron
Cell body of
afferent neuron
From
receptors To
effectors

23. Withdrawal reflex contracts relaxes Reflex arc Afferent
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Integrating center
Efferent pathway
Effector organs
Withdrawal reflex
Thermal
pain receptor
in finger
Ascending pathway
to brain
Afferent
Pathway
Stimulus
Biceps
(flexor)
contracts
Efferent Pathway
Integrating center
(spinal cord)
Triceps
(extensor)
relaxes
Hand
withdrawn
Effector
organs
Response