1. Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
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2. Chapter Eight:
Memory
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3. Three Stages of Memory Three stage memory
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4. Three Stages of Memory (cont.)
Sensory register:
holds an exact image
of each sensory
experience until it
can be fully
processed
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5. Three Stages of Memory (cont.)
Short-term memory:
Lloyd and Margaret
Peterson
- pay attention
- rehearsal
- George Miller:
- chunking
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6. Three Stages of Memory (cont.)
Long-term memory:
storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time
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7. Long-Term Memory and Short-Term Memory
LTM must be indexed according to the
kind of information that is most
easily stored
- way that forgetting occurs:
- each stage of memory is handled
by a different part of the brain:
- STM = cerebral cortex
- LTM = hippocampus, then
transferred to areas of
the cerebral cortex
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9. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.)
Types of long-term
memory:
- procedural
- declarative
- episodic
- semantic
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11. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.)
Organization in long-term memory:
- associative
network
spreading
activation model
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12. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.)
Three means of retrieval for testing:
- recall method
- recognition model
- relearning model
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13. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.)
Retrieval:
- serial learning:
serial position
effect
- “tip-of-the-tongue”
phenomenon
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14. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.)
Levels of processing: an alternative to the stage model
- levels of processing model:
- matter of degree vs. separate stages
- elaboration:
- during encoding phase
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15. Forgetting and Why It Occurs
Why does forgetting
occur?
- theories:
- decay theory
- interference theory:
- proactive
- retroactive
reconstruction
(schema) theory:
- false memory
theory of motivated
forgetting
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16. False Memory
List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words

17. which words on list 2 do you remember?
List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school

18. Did you say that "book" was on list 1
Did you say that "book" was on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1.

19. Biological Basis of Memory
Synaptic theories of memory: search for the engram
- engram:
- the “something” that remains after learning
- synaptic facilitation:
changes in the functioning of synapses in the
brain
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20. Biological Basis of Memory (cont.)
Synaptic theories of memory: search for the engram (cont.)
- consolidation:
changes grow more permanent over the course
of a few minutes or hours
- DNA and memory:
experiences do not change DNA but can change how DNA is expressed
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21. Biological Basis of Memory (cont.)
Stages of memory and the brain
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22. Biological Basis of Memory (cont.)
Amnesia:
- disorders of memory
- retrograde amnesia:
- extends back in time for a period of minutes or days
- anterograde amnesia:
- inability to store and retrieve new information in LTM
- hippocampus damage
- Korsakoff’s syndrome:
- loss of vitamin thiamine due to alcoholism
- confabulation
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23.
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