1. Do Now:
Organize these shoes

2. Aim: How are living things classified?
Homework: Read Textbook pgs 484 – 489
Answer Q’s 1 – 6 due Friday!
Classification
is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms
Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy

3. I. How classification began
A.) Organizing items can help you: a.) understand them better b.) find them ex.) CD or DVD collection, Sneakers and clothing in your closet

4. B.) Biologists want a better understanding of organisms to organize them.
TOOLS SCIENTIST
USE TO ORGANIZE
CLASSIFICATION
Grouping of objects or information based on similarities
TAXONOMY
Taxo = arrange
Nomy = ordered knowledge

5. but science has only identified about 2 million.
The National Science Foundation’s
“Tree of Life” project estimates that there could be anywhere from 5 million to 100 million species on the planet,
but science has only identified about 2 million.

6. Think about an elephant. Develop a mental image of it
Think about an elephant.  Develop a mental image of it.  How would you describe it to someone who has never seen one?  Take a moment to consider carefully . . .
Not surprisingly, biologists also classify organisms into different categories mostly by judging degrees of apparent similarity and difference that they can see.  The assumption is that the greater the degree of physical similarity, the closer the biological relationship.

7. shared physical characteristics
Modern biological classification is based on the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to
shared physical characteristics

8. Characteristics Used for Classifiction
1. ANATOMY
Similarities in structure
2. BIOCHEMISTRY
Similarities in chemical and genetic makeup (similar proteins, similar DNA)

9. Similarities in the stages of development of embryos
3. EMBRYOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Similarities in the stages of development of embryos

10. So why is Classification so important?

11. 7 Levels of Classification
Linnaeus’s system of classification

12. Classification Linnaeus system contains levels.
It’s a system that is arranged from largest or the most general to the smallest or most specific.

13. Using Linnaeus's Idea of a hierarchical system
Arrange these categories from the largest and most general to smallest and most specific:
United states
New York State
North America
Nassau County
230 Poppy Ave.
Franklin Square
Planet Earth

14. Answer:
Planet Earth North America United states New York State Nassau County Franklin Square 230 Poppy Ave.

15. The 7 levels of Classification
Kingdom = King
Phylum = Phillip
Class = Came
Order = Over
Family = From
Genus = Germany
Species = Skipping
Each of these levels is called a taxa.

16. Seven Levels of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

17. Smallest groups and most closely related to each other
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Largest groups
Smallest groups and most closely related to each other

18. Kings
Play
Chess On
Fine
Green
Stools

19. King
Philip
Came
Over
From
Germany
Skipping

21. Naming organisms
Before Linnaeus developed his naming system, plants and animals were named by a series of Latin words that described the physical appearance of the organism. This was very confusing. For example, let’s look at the first name of the honey bee.
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus.
This means “fuzzy bee, light gray middle, brown body, smooth hind legs that have a small bag edged with tiny hairs.” Linnaeus named it Apis mellifera which means “honey-bearing bee.”

22. is the formal system of naming specific species
Binomial nomenclature
is the formal system of naming specific species
each species name is in Latin and has two parts
Genus & Species
Examples:
Homo sapiens

23. Binomial nomenclature continued…
Two-word naming system
genus specific epithet
Group of Describes similar characteristic of
species species

24. Genus specific epithet * Homo means “Same” homology
Examples
Genus specific epithet
Homo sapiens = humans
* Homo means “Same” homology
* Sapiens means “wise”

25. Aim: How do the 5 kingdoms differ?
Do Now:
Classification handout
Homework reminder:
Dichotomous key lab due Friday
Textbook p q#1-6 due Friday

26. Which category is most specific? Explain why?
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammal
Order
Primate
Family
Homoide
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Cordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Canidae
Genus
Canis
Species
Lupus (the wolf)

27. is the formal system of naming specific species
Binomial nomenclature
is the formal system of naming specific species
each species name is in Latin and has two parts
Genus & Species
Examples:
Homo sapiens

28. Canis lupus Procyon lotor
Drosophila melanogaster

29. Kingdom Is the largest and most abundant catergory
There are five (5) kingdoms :
1. Plantae (Plants)
2. Animalia (Animals)
3. Fungi
4. Protista (Protists)
5. Monera

30. Phylum
Includes many different organisms that share important characteristics
Division of a Kingdom

31. Class
Division of phylum

32. Order
Division of a Class

33. Family
Division of a order

34. Genus: division of a family

35. Species: Most specific and is a division of genus These organisms can interbreed (reproduce)

37. Summary
In which group would there be the greatest similarity between members in terms of structure and function?
species
genus
kingdom
phylum

38. Canus lupus The scientific name of the organism listed above indicates
Kingdom and phylum
Phylum and genus
Genus and species
Kingdom and species

39. Do you recall:
When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals.

40. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells. A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.

41. Today the system of classification includes Five kingdoms.
Plants
Animals
Protists
Fungi
Monera

42. How are organism placed into their kingdoms?
Cell type, complex or simple
(prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
Their ability to make food
(nutrition)
The number of cells in their body
(multi cellular of unicellular)

43. Plant Kingdom Contains: flowering plant mosses, and ferns.
Cell Type: Eukaryotes
They are Producers so they make their own food (Autotrophic nutrition)
They are all multicellular

44. More about Plant kingdom
over 250,000 species
Is the second largest kingdom
Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees

45. Without plants, life on Earth would not exist!
Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth.

46. Contain : is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species.
Animal Kingdom
Contain : is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species.
Cell Type: Eukaryotes
They rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs )
They are all multicellular

47. More about Animal kingdom
Members of the animal kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world.

48. Protista Kingdom Contain : Slime molds and algae Cell Type: Eukaryotes
Some rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs) and some make their own food (autotrophs)
Most are unicellular and multicellular

49. More about Protists
Sometimes called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Approx 250,000 species
include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.

50. Fungi Kingdom Contain : Mushrooms, mold and mildew
Cell Type: Eukaryotes
fungi cannot make their own food, most get it from decaying soil. (heterotrophs)
They are all multicellular

51. More about Fungi Some fungi taste great and others can kill you!
Only about 200,000 species of fungi have been described of the estimated million species

52. Monera Kingdom Contain : True bacteria and blue-green algae.
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
They are all Unicellular

53. More about Monera 10,000 species
grow practically everywhere, including your mouth and digestive tract, the root nodules of legumes and the sun-baked boulders of arid deserts