1. The Two Worlds of Christendom
Chapter 16
The Two Worlds of Christendom
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Medieval Christendom
Two halves
Byzantine empire
Germanic states
Inherited Christianity from Roman empire
After eighth century, tensions between two halves
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3. Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.
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4. The Early Byzantine Empire
Capital: Byzantium
Commercial, strategic value of location
Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E.
1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul
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Caesaropapism
Power centralized in figure of emperor
Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority
Political rule
Involved in religious rule as well
Authority absolute
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Justinian ( C.E.)
The “sleepless emperor”
Wife Theodora as advisor
Background: circus performer
Ambitious construction programs
The church of Hagia Sophia
Justinian’s code: codification of Roman law
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Justinian the Great
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Emperor Justinian with political leaders on the right and religious leaders on the left
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Hagia Sophia – Istanbul, Turkey
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Interior of the Hagia Sophia
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Byzantine Conquests
Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people
Unable to consolidate control of territories – abandon Rome
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Muslim Conquests
600s: Arab Muslim expansion
Attacked Byzantium ,
Defense made possible through use of “Greek fire” – nasty weapon consisting of sulphur, lime, and petroleum
Launched at ships and ground forces of all invaders
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Greek Fire
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15. The Germanic Successor States
476 C.E.: Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer
Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population
Germanic successor states:
Visigoths
Ostrogoths
Lombards
Franks
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The Franks
400’s-800s: Heavy influence on European development
Conversion to Christianity gains popular support
Firm alliance with western Christian church
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The Vikings
From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”)
Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas
Attacked villages, cities, monasteries beginning in the 800s
Constantinople sacked three times
Either plunder or commerce as convenient
Had commercial contact with Muslims
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L’Anse Aux Meadows
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20. Economy in Medieval Christendom
Byzantium – economic powerhouse
Agricultural surplus
Long-distance trade
Western Christendom
Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural decline
900s: increased political stability leads to economic recovery
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21. Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium
Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry
Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after sixth century
Bezant becomes standard currency
Tax revenues from silk route
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22. Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe
Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities
Agricultural innovations
Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar
Small scale exchange; maritime trade in Mediterranean
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23. Byzantium: Urban Society
Aristocrats: palaces
Artisans: apartments
Working poor: communal living spaces
Hippodrome
Chariot races, “greens vs. blues”
Politically inspired rioting
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24. Western Europe: Rural Society
Concept of feudalism
Lords and vassals
Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society
Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities
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European Feudalism
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27. Population Growth in Christendom
During fifth and sixth century, population fluctuations
By eighth century, demographic recovery
Political stability
Productive agriculture
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28. Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 C.E.
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29. Evolution of Christian Societies
Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority
Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority
By 1000s: two rival communities
Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic
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The Byzantine Church
Church and state closely aligned
Byzantine emperors appoint patriarchs
Treated as a department of state
Caesaropapism creates internal conflict in church
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31. Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity
Ritual disputes
Beards on clergy
Leavened bread for Mass
Theological disputes
Nature of the Trinity
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Schism
Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction
Autonomy of patriarchs, or primacy of Rome?
1054: patriarch of Constantinople and pope of Rome excommunicate each other
East: Orthodox church
West: Roman Catholic
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