1. Human Computer Interaction
CSIT-400
By:
Shahid Mahmood

2. Warning! Lecture slides are high-level description of lectures
Relying upon only the slides do not guarantee good grades in exams
For achieving good grades in exams always attend lectures, Study books, and explore web resources.

3. Agenda Human aspects of HCI Cognitive Framework Cognitive Models
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive Framework
Cognitive Models
External Cognition
Distributed Congnition

4. Scenario: Car drive

5. Cognition How the human think
It is the process by which we became acquainted with things or in other words gain knowledge
Whatever human do some sort of cognition might have been happening at the back end

6. Modes of Cognition
Experiential Cognition
Reflective Cognition

7. Experiential Cognition
In ‘experiential Cognition’ we perceive act and react events around us effortlessly. E.g, Car drive
Less mental effort
Initially require some learning

8. Reflective Cognition
In reflective Cognition some mental exertion is required. E.g., writing an article or poem OR drawing a picture.

9. Human Information Processing
Recognizing something means processing the information gained about that thing in your mind. This depicts the notion that human mind works like a processor

10. Human Information Processing Model (simple format)
Encoding
Comparison
Response Selection
Response Execution

11. Human Information Processing Model
Encoding: Information from environment is encoded in some kind of internal representation
Comparison: Internal representation is compared with memorized representations
Response Selection: Concerned with deciding on a response to the encoded stimulus
Response Execution: Organizing response and necessary action

12. Human Information Processing Model (Extended)
Encoding
Comparison
Attention
Memory
Response Selection
Response Execution

13. Human Processor Model - Perceptual System
It helps us to conceptualize the human behavior and to model human processor
It is composed of three different systems, each of which having two components i.e. a processor component and a memory component:
- Perceptual System
- Motor System
- Cognitive System
This measures the qualitative aspects of human performance

14. GOMS Model Goals Operators Methods Selection Rules
This measures the quantitative aspects of human performance

15. Basic purpose of Cognitive framework
The basic purpose of Cognitive framework is to understand and predict human behavior so that we can predict the user behavior on use of computer/ computer-based system

16. Computational Approach
Adopts computer metaphor as a theoretical framework
What is involved when information is processed rather than how and when
Conceptualization of the goals planning and action in terms of task performance is done

17. Connectionist Approach
Also known as Neural network or Parallel distributed processing approach where cognition is presented at the level of neural network consisting of interconnected nodes
Cognition process is viewed as activation of nodes in the neural networks and the connection between them
Rejects computer metaphor
Adopts brain metaphor

18. Shortcomings of behavior and cognitive approaches
They do not represent the real world (considering the context) which neglect isolation
They represent a controlled environment instead of actual
They are very simple in nature and ignore complexity
Any prediction done on their bases could be tragically wrong

19. External Cognition framework
It has got three different elements:
Externalizing to reduce memory load (telephone diary)
Computational Offloading (Calculator)
Annotating and Cognitive tracing (Modify representation to reflect changes that are taking place by Annotating (cross| underline) and cognitive tracing (re-arrange for better comprehension)).
For example In computer we develop graphical user interfaces for various web pages

20. Distributed Cognition framework
The goal is to provide explanation to conceptualize cognitive activities (attention, thinking, learning) with in the work context
Cognitive activities are distributed among external technology and other people with in the context
Information changes its states (verbal, mental, manifested in a device)

21. Questions?