1. Environmental and Occupational Health
Chapter 9
Environmental and Occupational Health
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FIGURE 9.1 Environmental change, ecosystem effects, and human health.
Source: Corvalin C, Hales S, McMichael A. Ecosystems and human wellbeing: health synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Health impacts of ecosystem impairment due to environmental changes. Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 15 August 2012].
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FIGURE 9.2 Etiology of waterborne diseases, USA, 1920–1940, 1991–2002. Note: AGI = Acute gastrointestinal illness.
Sources: Adapted from Craun MF, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Beach MJ. Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States. J Water Health 2006;2:19–30. Available at: [Accessed 16 August 2012].
Lang IA, Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace RB, et al. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA 2008;300:1303–10. Available at: [Accessed 16 August 2012].
Melzer D, Rice NE, Lewis C, Henley WE, Galloway TS. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with heart disease evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e867. Available at: [Accessed 16 August 2012].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water – United States, 2007–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 2011;60(ss12):38–68. Available at: [Accessed 19 August 2012].
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FIGURE 9.3 Process of community water treatment.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy water: community water treatment figure, courtesy of EPA [updated 3 April 2009]. Atlanta, GA: CDC. Available at: [Accessed 16 August 2012].
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FIGURE 9.4 Wastewater treatment process.
Source: Water Treatment Process. Waste water treatment process. Available at: [Accessed 16 August 2012].
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FIGURE 9.5 Spectrum of radiation levels.
Source: Environmental Protection Agency. Radiation: non-ionizing and ionizing [updated 7 August 2012]. Washington, DC: EPA. Available at: [Accessed 17 August 2012].
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FIGURE 9.6 Occupational injury death rates per 100,000 workers, by industry, USA, 1980–1995. Note: “All Others” includes public administration, manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, services, and finance/insurance/real estate.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: Improvements in workplace safety – United States, 1900–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:461–9. Available at: [Accessed 17 August 2012].
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FIGURE 9.7 Public health achievements: reduction in deaths of miners with safer equipment and improved ventilation 1901–1995. Note: Each X represents the 5-year average of the number of deaths resulting from explosions; the line is a smoothed regression line through the 5-year averages. †Explosives and equipment that can be used in an explosive methane-rich environment without causing a methane explosion. §The process of applying a layer of rock dust over the coal dust, which creates an inert mixture and inhibits a coal dust explosion. ¶Lamps worn on miners’ caps. ∗∗ Ventilation improvements, including the use of reversible fans, reduce the concentration of methane and remove the explosive gas from the mine. ††A handheld monitor that provides instantaneous readings of the rock-to-coal dust mixture to ensure that it is inert. §§Techniques to remove methane from the coal bed before mining the coal. ¶¶Explosion-proof walls used to seal abandoned (mined-out) areas to protect workers in active parts of the mine.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: Improvements in workplace safety – United States, 1900–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:461–9. Available at: [Accessed 27 June 2013].
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.