1. Matter, and all that matters.
Chapter 2

2. What is Matter? Matter has two characteristics:
Matter has mass
Matter takes up space
All Matter is made up of atoms

3. Law of Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states:
Matter can be
neither created
nor destroyed,
but only changed
in form.

4. States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

5. Solid Particles in a solid:
Are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.
vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.

6. Liquid Particles in a Liquid:
Are close together with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other.

7. Gas
Particles in a Gas:
Are well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high speeds.

9. Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids
assumes the shape and volume of its container particles can move past one another
assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies particles can move/slide past one another
retains a fixed volume and shape rigid - particles locked into place
compressible lots of free space between particles
not easily compressible little free space between particles
flows easily particles can move past one another
flows easily particles can move/slide past one another
does not flow easily rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

10. Changes of State

12. Plasma
A plasma is an ionized gas, in which a certain proportion of electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule.
Plasmas are by far the most common phase of matter in the universe

13. Physical Properties Describing the state or form of matter.
density = mass/volume
viscosity – measurement of the thickness a solution has
solubility – measurement of how well a solute can dissolve into solution
Malleability –measurement of how well matter can be shaped and formed (steel forging)

14. Physical Change
Changing the state or form of matter without changing its chemical properties.

15. Chemical Properties/Change
Associated with a substance’s reactivity and chemical changes
Chemical Change = Chemical Reaction
Reactions with halogens, water, acid, base, and oxygen

16. Extensive Properties Change with the size of the sample Examples:
Volume, mass, length

17. Intensive Properties Do not change with sample size. Examples:
Density, melting point, boiling point

18. Classification of Matter
If all the atoms in a sample of matter are alike, that kind of matter is an element. Currently, there are 115 known elements, but more will surely be added in the future.

19. Classification of Matter (cont…)
Materials called compounds are made from atoms of two or more elements that are combined. The ratio of different atoms in the compound is always the same. For example, the elements hydrogen and oxygen can combine to form the compound water.

20. Classification of Matter (cont…)
The atoms of elements in water always have the same ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. Since elements and compounds are similar in some respects, they can be lumped together as substances. A substance is defined as either an element or compound.

21. What if you combine two or more compounds or elements together?
A mixture is a material made up of two or more substances. Unlike compounds, mixtures do not always contain the same amounts of different substances.
For example:
Salt water contains the compounds salt (NaCl) and water (H2O).
However, the various concentrations or ratios of the salt to water can change. Therefore, salt water is a mixture and not a compound.

22. Mixtures
There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture contains two or more substances that are uniformly spread out. In other words, you cannot tell what is making up the mixture by just looking at it.

23. Mixtures (cont…)
Heterogeneous mixtures have different materials that are easy to distinguish. For example, pizza would be a heterogeneous mixture, while vinegar would be a homogeneous mixture.

24. Liquid Mixtures There are two types of liquid mixtures: Miscible
Immiscible
Miscible liquids are liquids which, when combined, mix completely. It is a liquid homogeneous mixture.
Immiscible liquids are liquids which do not mix when combined. These liquids stay separate even when stirred or shaken. An example is oil & water.

25. Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more liquid substances. The substance that is present in the largest amount is called the solvent and the one present in the smaller amount is called a solute.