1. Introduction to Fourier Series
Chapter 6
Introduction to Fourier Series

2. Learning Objective I. Definitions
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to find the Fourier series of a periodic function.

3. What is periodic function?
A function is said periodic if there exists a smallest positive number such that
for all in the domain.
period of f

4. Illustration
period =

5. Introduction Let f be a periodic function of period T
It can be proved that f can be expressed as the sum of an infinite number of sine and/or cosine functions.
This infinite sum is known as a Fourier Series.

6. Introduction The coefficients are known as Fourier coefficients.
They can be obtained by

7. Introduction
If we write out the first few terms of the infinite series
explicitly, we find:

8. Introduction an are the amplitudes of the cosine terms in the series,
bn are the amplitudes of the sine terms in the series.

9. Example1

10. Solution 1

11. Solution 1

12. Solution 1

13. Fourier Series when T=2L
 Let f(x) be defined in the interval (c, c+2L).  It can be represented in the given interval by the following Fourier Series:

14. Exercise 2:
Find the Fourier Series of the function of period 2 : f(x) = x, -1<x<1.

15. Solution 2
Here C = -1 and L = 1.
Thus the Fourier Series is

16. Solution 2

17. Solution 2

18. Solution 2

19. Solution 2

20. Represent the following function by a Fourier Series: f(x) = x2,
Exercise 3:
Represent the following function by a Fourier Series:
f(x) = x2,
Solution 3:

21. Solution 3:

22. Solution 3:

23. Solution 3:

24. Solution 3:

25. Thus when - <x<  , the Fourier Series for x2 , is
Solution 3:
Thus when - <x<  , the Fourier Series for x2 , is

26. Convergence and Sum of a Fourier Series
Not all periodic functions , defined over any type of interval, can be represented by Fourier series.
For a function, defined over an interval, to be represented by Fourier Series, it must satisfy certain conditions, known as Dirichlet Conditions.

27. Dirichlet Conditions
1. f must be well-defined at every x in the interval f must be continuous or have a finite number of finite discontinuities within the interval. 3. f  must be continuous or piecewise continuous within the interval

28. Examples:
1. Both the functions f(x) = x, -1<x<1 and f(x) = x2, -2<x< satisfy Dirichlet’s conditions.
infinite discontinuity at x = 0.
Dirichlet conditions not satisfied

29. Infinite discontinuities at x = - and x = Conditions not satisfied.
Although the function has an infinite discontinuity at x = 5, this point is not in the given interval. Conditions are satisfied.
Infinite discontinuities at x = - and x = Conditions not satisfied.

30. Value of the FS at a point of continuity
If f satisfies Dirichlet conditions and let S be the Fourier series of f at x = a.
If f is continuous at a then

31. Value of the FS at a point of discontinuity
If f is discontinuous at a:
Let f(a-) and f(a+) be the left and right limits respectively. Then the value of the Fourier Series at x = a is:

32. Exercise 4:
Find the Fourier Series for the following periodic function in the given interval:

33. Solution 4:
C = - and L =

34. Since the function is defined in three pieces over the interval (-Pi, Pi), each integral has to be evaluated separately over the three pieces and the results summed up

37. Thus the Fourier Series representing the given function is:

38. The function is discontinuous at

39. We can plot the graphs of f(x) and its representation by Fourier Series and see how close the approximation is. Let

40. Graph of y=f(x) and y=y1 5 4 3
f(x) 2 1 -1 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x

41. Graph of y=f(x) and y = y2 f(x) x 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 -0.5 -4
-0.5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x

42. Graph of y =f(x) and y = y3 f(x) x 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 -0.5 -4
-0.5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x

43. End