1. Cell Energy & Photosynthesis

2. What is the chemical form of energy that organisms use?
ATP = Adenosine Triphospate = stored energy
Adenine – a nitrogen base
Ribose – 5 carbon sugar
3 phosphates – key to ATP’s ability to store/release energy

3. ATP Molecule
Adensosine

4. How is energy produced from ATP? Adensoine Triphosphate
Energy is released when the bond is broken between 2nd & 3rd phosphate
ATP  ADP + release energy

5. Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?
Chloroplast

7. Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
Stomata -opening that allows for gas exchange in leaf
Guard cell -opens and closes the stomata

10. Chloroplasts Contains:
Mesophyll
5 µm
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner
Thylakoid
Granum
Stroma
1 µm
Chloroplasts
Contains:
Thylakoids – saclike photosynthetic membrane containing photosystems
Grana – stacks of thylakoids
Stroma – fluid filled space outside of thylakoid

11. Reflects green light, all other colors are absorbed.
Reflected
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
Granum
Transmitted
Figure 10.7

12. What are the “key ingredients” for photosynthesis to take place?
Light
Chlorophyll
(light absorbing molecules – pigments)
Water
Carbon Dioxide

13. Steps of Photosynthesis
1. Light Dependent Reaction a. requires sunlight & water b. Takes place within thylakoid membrane The absorb sunlight for energy

14. c. Sun’s energy is used to split water into: oxygen, electrons and H+ ions. D. The oxygen is released into air. The electrons help make ATP this will be used in stage 2. The hydrogen ions (H+) are picked up by NADP and taken to Stage 2

15. Light Dependent RXN
Converts: ADP  ATP NADP+  NADPH

16. Light Independent RXN Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction)
a. Requires CO2, ATP, & NADPH
b. Take place within the stroma
c. Produces high energy sugars (glucose)

17. CO2 enters from atmosphere
Co2, ATP, and H+ are used to make Glucose (C6H12O6)
Glucose can be converted to ATP for energy

18. The whole point of photosynthesis is for plants to capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, a food that the plant can use.

19. Chemical Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight  Glucose + Oxygen (sugar)

20. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
 Amount of water
Temperature
Amount of Light
Amount of CO2

21. 2 RXNS of Photosynthesis

22. Where do the different rxns occur?
                                                                                                                
Where do the different rxns occur?
Light
Calvin

23. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

24. What is Cellular Respiration?
1 glucose Molecule = 36 ATP
Conversion of food energy (glucose) into cell energy (ATP)
Happens in ALL cells

25. What do you notice about this equation?
Chemical Equation
C6H12O O  6CO H2O + Energy
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon + Water + Sunlight
(sugar) Dioxide
What do you notice
about this equation?

26. Steps of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis
Takes place in cytoplasm
Does NOT require O2
Converts :
Glucose  2 molecules pyruvic acid + 2 ATP molecules

27. Steps of Cellular Respiration Cont’d
Krebs Cycle
Takes place in mitochondria
REQUIRES O2
Breaks down:
Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 ATP (energy)

28. Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle

29. Steps of Cellular Respiration Cont’d
3. Electron Transport Chain
a. Occurs in the mitochondria
b. Process where NADH and FADH2 are changed into ATP
NADH + FADH2 + O2  H2O + 32 ATP

30. Steps of Cellular Respiration
A net total of 36 ATP are made
Electrons carried in NADH
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Glucose
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
cytoplasm 2 2 32

31. 2 Types of Cellular Respiration
1. Aerobic – needs oxygen to continue
O2 must be present
36 ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule
Ocurrs in 3 stages
2. Anaerobic – doesn’t need oxygen to continue
Occurs when no oxygen is present
2 ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule during stage one of glycolysis

32. If no oxygen is present . . . 1. Alcoholic Fermentation
Does NOT occur in animal cells
It occurs in yeast and a few other microorganisms
Converts:
  Glucose  ethyl alcohol, CO2, & ATP (small amount)
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in some animal cells
Produces enough energy for glycolysis to continue
Buildup in muscles leads to muscle soreness