1. Hardware
CSCE 101

2. Electricity: Voltage
Gate: A signal enters the gate at a certain voltage. The gate performs operations on it, and sends it out was a new signal.
The signals voltage will either be between 0-2 (binary 0), or 2-5 (binary 1)
So Binary data is travelling around our computer as a voltage signal

3. Gates
There are different types of gates, to accomplish different types of logic.
NOT Gate, which negates the signal
AND Gate, which takes two signals and combines them…

4. Integrated Circuits
An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon on which multiple gates have been embedded. (CSI)
The integrated circuit consists of pins which are the input and output to gates.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is an advanced integrated circuit with a large number of pins

5. Computer Functions
Input
Process
Output
Store

6. Computer Functions Input: Gathers data often from user entry
Process: Takes data performs instructions on it, to change it into the desired information
Storage: Saves data for use later
Output: Displays data in a human readable form

7. Measurement Units
Since we can have large pieces of data we need ways to represent large binary numbers
Unit
Size
Bit (0 or 1)
Byte
8 bits
Kilobyte (KB)
210 bytes = 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB)
220 bytes = about 1 million bytes
Gigabyte (GB)
230 bytes = about 1 billion bytes
Terabytes (TB)
240 bytes = about 1 trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB)
250 bytes = about quadrillion bytes

8. Computer Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that can be touched.
Examples:
mouse
keyboard
graphics card
hard disk drive

9. Input Devices Devices which let you enter data into the computer
keyboard
mouse / touchpad
microphone
scanner
game controller
stylus

10. Output Devices
Sends data out from the computer to be seen in a human readable way: text, pictures, sound,…
Examples:
Monitor
Printer
GPS
Speakers

11. Key Components Inside the Computer
Motherboard: Holds the CPU, Memory, system Bus,…
Bus: Shared communication channel for the components
CPU: Computers Brain
RAM: Holds data and instructions for currently running processes
Input/Output Processors: Perform input/output related processing

12. Motherboard
Main circuit board that contains the central electronic components of the computer
Holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive, optical drive, video cards,…
Connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer

13. System Bus
Communication link that connects all the different parts of the computer together.

14. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Also called a processor
The brains of the computer
Controls functions performed by other components
Can perform up to 10s of billions of tasks per second
Processor speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
Well known manufactures are Intel and AMD

15. CPU on Motherboard
CPU

16. How Does the CPU Process?
The CPU performs the following commands in succession for every instruction
Fetch: Get next instruction
Decode: Determine what type of instruction
Get Data: If external data is needed, it retrieves it
Execute: Perform the operation
Store: Save result

17. System Clock
Acts as a metronome. Each tick (Clock Cycle) it executes the next instruction
The clock speed is measured in Hertz (Hz)

18. CPU Instruction Cycle Clock Ticks Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Fetch 1
Fetch 1
Decode 2
Execute 3
Store
Instruction 2 4
Fetch 5
Decode 6
Execute 7
Store

19. Single vs. Dual-Core Processor
Processors become more efficient when they have multiple core’s.
Multiple core’s allow the processor to execute multiple instructions at the same time.

20. 32bit word vs. 64 bit
The word size is describing the size of the instructions which can be executed
32 Bit
64 Bit
Fetch Cookies
Fetch Milk
Eat Cookies
Eat Milk
Fetch Cookies & Milk
Eat Cookies & Milk

21. Memory
The computer associates locations (addresses) with contents. Just like your own brain, it has a certain spot where it stores certain information.
Address
Contents

22. RAM (Random Access Memory)
This memory holds the data the computer is currently using
It is called Random Access because you can retrieve any piece of data at any time, you do not need to sequentially retrieve it
Much faster to read and write from than the hard drive
Temporary or volatile storage, this data is erased when the computer is shut down. Must save to hard drive
Measured in megabytes (MB), or gigabytes (GB)

23. RAM on Motherboard

24. ROM (Read Only Memory)
Memory which holds the startup instructions for the computer
The instructions are permanently stored in this memory

25. Data Storage
RAM is useful for temporary storage (volatile) while the computer is running. Once the computer stops all data in RAM is gone
We need permanent storage locations such as hard drive, cloud, DVD, or a flash drive

26. Hard Drive Nonvolatile storage (permanent) Holds programs and data
Today’s hard drives have capacities up to 8TB
External hard drives can be connected to the computer via a port for additional/backup storage

27. How Hard Drives Work Data is saved on the disk
in a pattern of magnetized
spots
spot = 1
space = 0
Read write head can fail and lead to disk failures on your computer
Binary

28. Hard Disk Organization
When you save information to the hard drive it places the info around the tracks in sectors.

29. Solid State Drive (SSD)
A replacement for hard disk drives
They do not have moving parts, so they are less prone to failure
Run more efficiently, are less noisy, and emit less heat
Exist in your computer, in a drive bay.

30. Cache This data is more accessible than the RAM
This is the information you’re program is currently using and must be readably accessible.
Only a small amount of data can be stored here
Think of when baking, the few ingredients you bring onto your small table that you want to use now

31. RAM
The RAM holds the data and instructions your computer is currently using. Like the Cache this is volatile, and you need to store it away or it will be deleted when you close your computer
Think of this as a temporary shelf, that isn’t as accessible as the table, but is still easy to get to

32. Hard Disk
Here is your permanent storage. All data that you want to save needs to go here.
Think of this as your pantry, where you put all your items away at the end of cooking.

33. Flash Drives
External solid state drives
Can fit into your pocket

34. Review http://computer.howstuffworks.com/23-computer-tour-video.htm
Here’s a video of by How Stuff Works to review and visualize this pieces inside your computer

35. Inside your Computer

36. Embedded Systems
Computers that are designed to perform a narrow range of functions as part of a larger system (CSI)
Basically all our appliances that have digital interfaces

37. Desktop or Laptop Desktop Laptop Less Portable Less Expensive
Harder to steal
Easier to expand and upgrade
More portable
More expensive
Easier to steal
Harder to upgrade

38. Taking Apart your Computer
Watch a YouTube video on your computer model to see how it is done
Make sure you have the right screw drivers
Make sure to unplug your computer
Don’t lose the screws 