1. Atomic Structure

2. What is an atom?
Atomic Theory: all matter is composed of discrete units called atoms
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that retains the identity of the substance

3. Atomic Structure Atoms are composed of 2 regions:
Nucleus: the center of the atom that contains the mass of the atom
Electron cloud: region that surrounds the nucleus that contains most of the space in the atom

4. Nucleus
Electron Cloud

5. What’s in the Nucleus?
The nucleus contains 2 of the 3 subatomic particles:
Protons: positively (+) charged subatomic particles
Neutrons: neutrally charged subatomic particles

6. What’s in the Electron Cloud?
The 3rd subatomic particle resides outside of the nucleus in the electron cloud
Electron: the subatomic particle with a negative (-) charge and relatively no mass

7. Elements that make up the Earth
Each element on the Periodic Table is 1 atom. Some of those elements are found in the Earth.
They are in the 1st and 2nd group of the periodic table and throughout the transition metals

8. Earth Metals These are the elements: Li: Lithium Na: Sodium
Group 1: Alkali Metals
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
These are the elements:
Li: Lithium
Na: Sodium
K: Potassium
Rb: Rubidium
Cs: Cesium
Fr: Francium
These are the elements:
Be: Beryllium
Mg: Magnesium
Ca: Calcium
Sr: Strontium
Ba: Barium
Ra: Radium

9. Other Elements that make up the Earth’s Core
Ni: Nickel
Fe: Iron
Si: Silicon
Al: Aluminum

10. The Four States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

11. The Four States of Matter
Basis of Classification of the Four Types
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles

12. The more energy molecules have the more they move.
The more they move the farther apart they get.

13. States of Matter in the Universe
Earth:
Inner Core- Solid
Outer Core- Liquid
Crust
Oceans, rivers, lakes - Liquid
Mountains, rocks, etc. - Solid
Atmosphere - Gas
Solid

14. States of Matter in the Universe Cont’d
Planets
Terrestrial - Solid
Jovial – Gas
Space Objects
Moons- Solid
Asteroids, Meteors, Comets - Solids
Stars
Stars/The Sun – Plasma
99% of the Universe is Plasma!

15. Fundamental Forces

16. Nature has FOUR fundamental forces…
1. Gravity
What it does-provide attraction between objects.
Strength Only depends upon mass and separation. Weakest force of all 4.
Range operates over any distance.

17. Nature has FOUR fundamental forces…
2. Electromagnetic
What it does-Attract or repel particles with electrical charge.
Proportionate to amount of charge.
Strength is the second strongest of the 4 forces.
Range Falls off with distance like gravity, closer = stronger electromagnetic force.

18. Nature has FOUR fundamental forces…
3. Strong Nuclear
What it does- needed to overcome repulsive electromagnetic force of quarks in protons.
Quark – particle in nucleus. (nucleon)
Strength- Strongest of all forces.
Range- Effective over only very tiny distances (the scale of the atomic nucleus).

19. Nature has FOUR fundamental forces…
4. Weak Nuclear
What it does - Responsible for radioactivity and particle decay.
Strength - Only stronger than gravity.
Range - Smallest Range Even smaller range than the strong force (10-18m)