1. Introduction to biology
LIFE – WHAT A BEAUTIFUL GIFT

2. biology
Biology is the study of living things.

3. Cells
Cells are living matter enclosed in a barrier (cell membrane).

4. Unicellular vs. multicellular organisms
Unicellular organisms have only one cell type. Example: many types of bacteria
Multicellular organisms have more than one cell type. Example: humans

5. 8 characteristics of all living matter
1. Cells
2. Reproduction
3. Growth
4. Genetic Code
5. Energy
6. Respond
7. Stability
8. Change

6. Reproduction
The process of producing new cells.

7. Growth
Some organisms simply grow in size, while others actually develop.

8. Genetic code
The DNA of an organism.

9. energy
Materials an organism needs to survive.

10. respond
Organisms respond to internal and external stimuli.

11. stability
Organisms maintain an internally stable environment called homeostasis.

12. change
The way an organism naturally evolves or adapts over time.

13. Levels of organization in the body
1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ Systems

14. Cells
Organelles – tiny organs inside of cells.

15. Tissues – groups of cells

16. Organs- group of tissues

17. Organ systems – groups of organs

18. Famous biologists

19. Aristotle
Aristotle believed that life could be produced out of air or nothing. This phenomenon was called Spontaneous Generation. He was one of the first philosophers to be curious about life and where it came from.

20. Andreas vesalius
In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published De Humini Corporus, which was the first accurate and detailed study human anatomy.

21. William harvey
In 1628, William Harvey became the first scholar to describe the human heart.
He showed how the blood pumped through the body, returns to the heart and is re- circulated.

22. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1673, Anton van Leeuwenhoek perfected the simple microscope.
He observed cells and microorganisms.

23. Charles darwin
In 1859, Darwin published On the Origin of Species, stating his Theory of Evolution.

24. James Watson and Francis Crick
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA, the Double Helix.

25. The Human Genome Project
In 2000, Francis Collins and Craig Ventor announced their working copy of the Human Genome.

26. Gregor Mendel
Father of Genetics

27. HISTORY OF BIOLOGY

28. Franscesco Redi EXPERIMENT ON SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
HE WANTED TO PROVE THAT LIFE COME FROM LIFE.

29. Franscesco Redi EXPERIMENT ON SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
TEST #1: JAR UNCOVERED WITH MEAT INSIDE
RESULT: MAGGOTS APPEARED
TEST #2: COVERED JAR WITH MEAT INSIDE
RESULT: NO MAGGOTS APPEARED

30. Redi -Spontaneous Generation Experiment

31. Conclusion
Redi determined that the flies laying eggs caused the maggots to appear, not spontaneous generation.

32. John Needham’S EXPERIMENT TO ATTACK REDI’S EXPERIMENT
BELIEVED SPONTANEOUS GENERATION COULD OCCUR UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.

33. John Needham’S EXPERIMENT TO ATTACK REDI’S EXPERIMENT
TEST: SEALED A BOTTLE OF GRAVY AND HEATED IT TO KILL THE ORGANISMS
RESULT: MICROORGANISMS APPEARED IN THE SEALED BOTTLE.
CONCLUSION: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION CAN OCCUR UNDER THE RIGHT CONDITIONS.

34. Needham’s experiment

35. LAZARRO SPALLANZANI’S TEST TO SUPPORT REDI AND IMPROVE NEEDHAM’S WORK
SPALLANZANI BELIEVED NEEDHAM DID NOT HEAT UP THE BOTTLE LONG ENOUG TO KILL THE MICROORGANISMS

36. LAZARRO SPALLANZANI’S TEST TO SUPPORT REDI AND IMPROVE NEEDHAM’S WORK
TEST #1: GRAVY BOILED WITH OPEN FLASK
RESULT: MICROORGANISMS APPEARED
TEST #2: GRAVY BOILED WITH CLOSED FLASK
RESULT: NO MICROOGANISMS
CONCLUSION: LIFE COMES FROM LIFE AND SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DOES NOT EXIST

37. Spallanzani’s Experiment

38. Louis pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation
Pasteur wanted to disprove Spontaneous Generation once and for all. Some people still believed that oxygen could produce life.

39. Louis pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation
Test: Pasteur designed a flask with a long curved neck. Air could get into the flask but no microorgansisms.
He boiled the broth.
Results: No microorgansisms appeared.
Conclusion: LIFE COMES LIFE

40. Pasteur’s Broth Experiment

41. Pasteur In 1881, Pasteur develops the first vaccine against anthrax.
He invented the long neck flask.
He also came up with the process of pasteurization.