1. Preview Section 1 Sorting It All Out Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Classification
Preview
Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Concept Mapping

2. Objectives Explain why and how organisms are classified.
Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Objectives
Explain why and how organisms are classified.
List the eight levels of classification.
Explain scientific names.
Describe how dichotomous keys help in identifying organisms.

3. Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Why Classify?
The classification of living things makes it easier for biologists to answer many important questions such as:
1. How many known species exist?
2. What are defining characteristics of each species?
3. What are the relationships between these species?

4. How do Scientists Classify Organisms?
Section 1 Sorting It All Out
How do Scientists Classify Organisms?
Taxonomists currently use eight-level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics.
On a branching diagram (cladogram), several characteristics are listed along line that points to the right.
Each characteristic is shared by organisms to the right of it.

5. Section 1 Sorting It All Out
cladograms

6. Eight Levels of Classification
Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Eight Levels of Classification
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
** Dumb King Philip came over for great spaghetti.
**Dumb kings play chess on fat green stools.

7. Section 1 Sorting It All Out

8. Scientific Names One Species, One Name
A scientific name is always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be.
EX: Puma concolor mountain lion, cougar, puma, panther, painter
Also: gopher = turtle in some areas, groundhog in others

9. What is the mental image you get when the word “gopher” is said?

10. Felis domesticus Two-Part Names: binomial nomenclature
first part of species name = genus Always capitalized.
second part of name = species Never capitalized.
Both words italicized if typed or underlined if handwritten.
EX:
Felis domesticus
Felis domesticus .

11. Two-Part Names: binomial nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)
Swedish scientist - developed modern system of classification using two scientific names
Useful for scientists no matter what language they speak to know exact organism to which they refer
EX: develop vaccine for specific disease
Typically, names derived:
from Latin or Greek (most often)
in honour of discoverer
famous scientist/person
location of organism

12. Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Dichotomous Keys
dichotomous key: a tool for identifying organisms that uses a series of paired descriptive statements.
By working through the statements in a dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually identify an unknown organism.

13. Section 1 Sorting It All Out

14. Dichotomous Key
class
activity

15. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Objectives
Explain how classification developed as greater numbers of organisms became known.
Describe the three domains.
Describe four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya.

16. A Growing System
People are still discovering and classifying organisms (especially in the ocean).
Sometimes new organisms are found that are so different from other known organisms that new classes, phyla, etc. must be formed.
EX:
50 years ago, only 2 kingdoms used: Plants, Animals
As technology improves, organisms may need to be reclassified (DNA sequencing, cellular chemistry, etc)

17. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms classified by their characteristics.
Adding New Classification Categories As scientists continue to learn about living things, they add classification categories that account for characteristics of different organisms.
Classification systems will vary by age of publication. Those older than 10 years typically do not include the domains.

18. THREE DOMAINS:
1. Archaea (Archaebacteria)
2. Bacteria (Eubacteria)
3. Eukarya (Eukaryota)

20. The 6 Kingdoms

21. The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria
Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria
Domain Archaea:
one of two kinds of prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
most live in extreme environments:
hot springs (thermophiles)
high salt or sulfur (halophiles)
high pressure in deep ocean or underground
frigid areas

22. The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria
Domain Eubacteria:
prokaryotes
can be found nearly everywhere on Earth:
soil (nitrogen-fixers, decomposers)
water
on/inside human body (EX: E. coli)
Most bacteria are harmless to humans, acting as decomposers, nitrogen-fixers, etc.

23. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
The Domain Eukarya
eukaryote: has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Kingdom Protista
commonly called protists
single-celled or simple multi-cellular organisms
Any organism NOT classified as plant, animal, or fungi is placed here: “garbage can” kingdom

24. Kingdom Protista Protists classified as:
Plant-like – contain chlorophyll (algae)
Animal-like – move using cilia or flagella, predatory (protozoans and euglenoids)
Fungus-like – absorb/engulf decaying organic matter similar to fungi (slime molds)

25. Paramecium >
Common Protists
Amoeba
Euglena

26. and an uncommon one….
dog vomit slime mold

27. The Domain Eukarya, continued
Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
The Domain Eukarya, continued
Kingdom Fungi
complex, multi-cellular eukaryotes
molds
mushrooms
yeasts
Heterotrophic: do not make own food
Do not perform photosynthesis nor “eat” food.
Instead, absorb nutrients from substances in their surroundings, esp dead organic matter
Analogy: spit on food, digestive juices break down it down, absorb the nutrients thru skin

28. Kingdom Fungi

29. Kingdom Plantae Plants complex, multi-cellular organisms eukaryotic
Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae
Plants
complex, multi-cellular organisms
eukaryotic
have cell walls
autotrophic (make own food through photosynthesis  require sunlight)
Examples of Plantae mosses, trees, flowers, grasses, ferns, and more.

30. Kingdom Plantae

31. Kingdom Animalia Animals heterotrophic
Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Kingdom Animalia
Animals
heterotrophic
complex, multi-cellular organisms
do NOT have cell walls
able to move around at some point in lifetime
have specialized sense organs
Examples of Animalia Ants, beetles, lizards, fish, birds, humans, elephants, and more.

32. Kingdom Animalia