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Diet Teaching For the Diabetic Patient
Elva McNurlin, RD, LD, CDE – SLMV Diabetes Educator Sarah Renaldi, MS, RD, LD – SLMV Clinical Dietitian Original Slides/Presentation By: Kate Waltz, RD, CDN, CDE; Clinical Nutrition Bassett Healthcare
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Eating! Can’t live with it, can’t live without it!
Constant opportunity for change Major factor in health, wellness, & happiness. Can be a major stressor! Focus on the positive
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Objectives List diet and nutrition goals for patients with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Explain role of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in meal planning and glucose control. Explain basic concept of consistent carbohydrate diet and use of carbohydrate counting. Identify additional diet modifications to address cardiac risk reduction.
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Type 1 Diabetes Use of daily insulin Goals for diet education:
Coordinate meal plan with insulin treatment Use of carbohydrate counting for intensive insulin therapy programs Alter intake as needed for activity level Identify/reduce risk of hypoglycemia
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Type 2 Diabetes May be diet and exercise controlled, using oral medications, or insulin treated. Goals for diet education: Weight control or weight loss Use of carbohydrate counting for consistent carbohydrate diet or insulin program Address co-morbid conditions and risk factors
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The Basics Carbohydrate Digests quickly, from 15 minutes to 2 hours
Has direct effect on postprandial blood glucose levels, more carbs = higher glucose Should provide about 50% of total calories Sources: grains, beans, vegetables, milk, fruit, sweets and added sugars
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The Basics Protein Digests more slowly, 3-5 hours
Can aid in prolonged post-meal satiety May help prevent between meal and nocturnal hypoglycemia Sources: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cheese, nuts/peanut butter, soy products
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The Basics Fat Digests the most slowly- several hours
Promotes prolonged satiety Type of fat consumed affects cardiac risk Should be less than 30% total calories Sources: butter, margarine, oils, mayo, salad dressing, cream cheese, nuts, seeds, gravy
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The Idaho Plate Method
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Carbohydrate Counting
Identify carbohydrate sources Estimate or measure portion size Quantify carbohydrate intake for that meal or snack in either carbohydrate servings or grams of total carbohydrate There are no “good carbs” or “bad carbs”
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What is one serving of carbohydrate
What is one serving of carbohydrate? (one serving = 15 grams carbohydrate) 1 slice bread 1/2 hamburger bun or English muffin 1/2 cup potato, corn, peas, cooked cereal 1/3 cup rice or pasta 1 small fresh fruit, 1/2 cup canned fruit or juice 1 cup milk or yogurt 1 tablespoon sugar, honey, jam, maple syrup
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Sample Meal Example 1/2 cup oatmeal 1 hard boiled egg
1 slice whole wheat toast 1 teaspoon margarine 1/2 cup orange juice Which are the carbs? How many servings? How many grams total carbohydrate?
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Sample Meal Example 1/2 cup oatmeal = 1 serving (15 g)
1 hard boiled egg = protein 1 slice whole wheat toast = 1 serving (15 g) 1 teaspoon margarine = fat 1/2 cup orange juice = 1 serving (15 g) Total is 3 servings or 45 grams carbohydrate
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Sample Meal Example 2 3 ounces roast chicken 1 cup cooked rice
1/2 cup green beans 1 cup tossed salad 1/2 cup applesauce 1 cup 1% milk
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Sample Meal Example 2 3 ounces roast chicken = protein
2/3 cup cooked rice = 2 servings (30 g) 1/2 cup green beans = 1/3 serving (5 g) 1 cup tossed salad = 1/3 serving (5 g) 1/2 cup applesauce = 1 serving (15 g) 1 cup 1% milk = 1 serving (15 g) Total is 4 2/3 servings or 70 grams total carb
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Using a label to Count Carbs
1. Serving size, # of servings 2. Total grams of carbohydrate
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How much carbohydrate to eat?
1200 kcal = grams = 10 servings 1500 kcal = grams = servings 1800 kcal = grams = 15 servings 2000 kcal = grams = servings *Amounts and types of protein and fat can greatly affect total calorie intake.
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Not only how much, but when...
Goal is to spread carbohydrate servings out consistently over the day 3-5 servings per meal 1-2 servings per snack Patient has freedom to change food choices and amounts eaten while staying within recommended carbohydrate intake
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Example of 1500 kcal diet (Total of 12-13 carb servings or 187 g per day)
Breakfast: 4 carb servings (60 g) 1 cup oatmeal, 1 cup skim milk, 2 Tbs raisins Lunch: 3 carb servings (45 g) sandwich, small salad, 1 small fresh fruit Dinner: 4 carb servings (60 g) chicken, 1 cup pasta, broccoli, 1 cup skim milk Snack: 1 carb serving (15 g) 1 cup low fat yogurt
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Weight Loss Weight loss of just 7-10% of a patient’s current weight can help lower glucose Slow and steady wins the race! Helpful modifications are low fat intake and high fiber intake Exercise: 5-7 days/week with goal of 150 minutes/week or 10,000 steps per day
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High Fiber Intake Can increase satiety, slow carbohydrate digestion and modify postprandial glucose Intake of at least 25 grams/day, up to 35 grams/day to optimize cardiac benefits Can subtract from total carbohydrate grams Sources of fiber: whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables
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Low Fat Intake All patients with diabetes are at increased cardiac risk- more aggressive with cholesterol and blood pressure control Total fat <30% kcal, sat fat <10%, trans fat 0% Decrease added fats- 100 kcal/tablespoon Opt for unsaturated fat- oils, nuts, margarine
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“Let nothing that can be treated by diet be treated by any other means
“Let nothing that can be treated by diet be treated by any other means.” Maimonides
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