1. Paperclipidae
Original Assumption (unstated) : 1 individual = 1 species
7 individuals
Outgroup taxon not in set;
described as headless straight pin or eyeless needle

2. THE ISSUES: 1 2 3 SYNAPOMORPHY, AUTAPOMORPHY
Characters (0=absent, 1=present):
Wire bent
Wire doubles back on itself
Wire crosses over itself
How do we construct a simple cladogram? 1 2 3
Outgroup

3. Outgroup 3 2 1

4. THE ISSUES: 1 2 3 4 PARSIMONY, REVERSAL
Characters (0=absent, 1=present):
Wire bent
Wire doubles back on itself
Wire crosses over itself
Head
What hypothesis yields the shortest tree? 1 2 3 4
Outgroup

5. Most parsimonious tree (MPT)
Outgroup 4 3 2 1
Tree length = 4 steps
Most parsimonious tree (MPT)

6. Outgroup 3 2 1 -4 4
Tree length = 5 steps

7. CONSENSUS & POLYTOMIES
THE ISSUES:
CONVERGENCE,
CONSENSUS & POLYTOMIES
Characters (0=absent, 1=present):
Wire bent
Wire doubles back on itself
Wire crosses over itself
Head
Plastic
Did plastic evolve more than once? 1 2 3 4 5
Outgroup

8. Hypothesis 1 – Plastic evolved convergently in two lineages
Outgroup 5 5 3 4 2 1
Hypothesis 1 – Plastic evolved convergently in two lineages
Tree length = 6 steps

9. Outgroup 4 4 -2 3 -1 5 2
Hypothesis 2a – Plastic evolved only once; head evolved convergently in two lineages 1
Tree length = 8 steps

10. Outgroup 2 1 3 -4 5 2 4 1
Hypothesis 2b – Plastic evolved only once; wire bending/doubling evolved convergently in two lineages
Tree length = 8 steps

11. Plastic more likely evolved twice.
Outgroup 5 5 3 4 2 1
Plastic more likely evolved twice.
This is not the only possible MPT.
Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)

12. Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)
Outgroup 5 3 5 4 2 1
Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)

13. Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)
Outgroup 3 5 5 4 2 1
Tree length = 6 steps (MPT)

14. Outgroup
Strict consensus of three MPTs showing polytomy.

15. WHAT IS THIS INDIVIDUAL?
Paperclipidae
Original (unstated) Assumption: 1 individual = 1 species
ARE YOU SURE?
THE ISSUE:
WHAT IS THIS INDIVIDUAL?

16. Size as ontogenetically variable / sexually dimorphic
Species A adult, Species B, Species A juvenile OR
Species A male, Species B, Species A female

17. Plastic as ontogenetically variable / sexually dimorphic
Species A, Species B adult, Species B juvenile OR
Species A, Species B male, Species B female OR
Species A adult male, Species A juvenile, Species A adult
female

18. Paperclipidae
IF PLASTIC IS NOT DIAGNOSTIC AT SPECIES LEVEL, ARE THESE ALSO THE SAME SPECIES?