1. Essential Questions:
What does it mean to say that Europeans "conquered" the land and peoples of North America?
What were the advantages & disadvantages of Spanish, French, & English colonial patterns in terms of long-term colonization in America?

2. Advantages for long-term colonization
Disadvantages for long-term colonization
Spain
France
England

3. The Spanish Colonies in America

4. 04/06/98
A World Transformed
Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

5. Spanish Conquests & Colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor
Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

6. From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98
From Plunder to Settlement
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World
Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos & mulattos
Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles
The Spanish government operated strict control over the colonies
Whites from Spain
Whites born in America 17 18 18 18

7. Spanish Empire
Its conquering of the Americas would allow Spain to become the most powerful empire in the world during the 16th Century
“We came here to serve God and King… and to get rich”
Not only disease, but civil wars and religious superstitions also allowed the Europeans, namely the Spanish, to conquer the Native Americans (who GREATLY outnumbered the explorers)
The advanced technology of the Europeans offered an incredible advantage in combat
Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and arrows
Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs, cattle, and goats (foodstuffs) played a very important role in conquest

8. Spanish-American Culture
The Spanish conquerors would establish the encomienda system
Encomienda – a system of villages granted to a privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat
Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries and contributing wealth to the empire
Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy conquistadores and at the other the impoverished natives

9. The Spread of Catholicism
Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the Americas in the wake of the conquistadors’ victories
The Natives were viewed as pagans and the Catholic religion was in turn imposed upon the people
The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of God upon the pagans and justified the actions of the god-fearing Spanish
A few missionaries would become the only advocates that the Natives had among the Europeans
Bartolome de la Casas and A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies
Poet Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomé de Las Casas

10. Spanish Exploration of the US
Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing centers of trade
Juan Ponce de Leon – explored Florida
Hernando de Soto – explored the Southeast US
Francisco Coronado – explored the Southwest US
St. Augustine – the oldest surviving settlement in the US, established in 1565 in Florida
Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving today
Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US
By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the New Mexico territory

11. The Horse
The introduction of the horse would forever transform the Native American cultures of the US
Tribes such as those of the Great Plains converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic within a very short period of time after acquiring and breeding a significant horse population
Following the buffalo herds became the focus of Native society

12. The French Colonies in America

13. The French Claim Canada
04/06/98
The French Claim Canada
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
The French government strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement
Because the fur trade was the basis of the colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like Spain) 18 19 19 19

14. Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions

15. The English Colonies in America

16. Protestant Reformation
Catholic to Protestant
Connection to Spain??
Calvinism
Reformation in England

17. The English Colonies
In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America
English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World
Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies
SPANISH ARMADA

18. Migrating to the English Colonies
17th century England faced major social changes:
The most significantly was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?)
People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

19. Migrating to the English Colonies
Motives for migration to America:
Religious: purer form of worship
Economic: Escape poverty or the threat of lifelong poverty
Personal: to escape bad marriages or jail terms
Migration to America was facilitated by the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution

20. The Stuart Monarchs

21. Four Colonial Subcultures
The values of the migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies
The Chesapeake
New England
Middle Colonies
The Carolinas & Georgia

23. By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)
These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there