1. Occupational Radiation Dose Management

2. Basis for Protection Requirements
Limit stochastic and non-stochastic effects
Stochastic = Probability of an effect occurring, rather than its severity.
Non-stochastic = Severity is affected by dose.

3. ALARA As
Low
Reasonably
Achievable

4. Operator Radiation Sources
Sources of radiation for operator
Primary
Scatter
Leakage
Operators of fluoroscopes receive their exposures through three distinct mechanisms. Each will be described in detail in the following slides.
Operators of fluoroscopes are required by regulation to wear a personnel dosimeter or radiation monitor. The most common type of dosimeter is the film badge. The darkness or density of the film in the badge indicates the amount of radiation detected by the film badge. Badges are distributed by companies who maintain high quality control for accurate radiation measurement. There are several important features one should know about personnel dosimeters:
1. The dosimeter's only function is to detect radiation. In no way does it directly protect the operator.
2.Dosimeters are mailed in groups along with control dosimeters so that radiation received in transit can be subtracted from actual personnel exposures. This only occurs if personnel dosimeters are returned with the control dosimeter. When a personnel dosimeter is turned in late, the dosimeter does not get mailed with the control dosimeter.
3. There is a right way and wrong way to wear dosimeters. In most cases it is recommended that the dosimeter be worn outside the lead apron on the collar. When film is used it must be worn properly installed in the badge holder with the film (name) side out. There are various filters in film badges which allow an approximate determination of beam energy. These filter patterns must be visible on the film to obtain a valid radiation measurement.

5. Occupational Exposure: Scatter
Isoexposure lines during fluoroscopy

6. Operator Protection: Time
Minimize “beam-on” time
Your exposure is directly proportional to beam time
Although we must always be concerned about patient exposures, our operators are present day in and day out in a radiation environment. The four cardinal principles of operator protection are time, distance, shielding, and collimation. Each is explained in the following slides.

7. Operator Protection - Other
Distance
Stand as far away from table as possible
Shielding
Lead drapes (except on C-Arms)
Bucky slot cover
Intensifier is primary barrier
Protective garments ( aprons, thyroid)
Collimation
Anything that reduces patient exposure

8. Shielding HVL TVL Tube Potential Lead (mm) Concrete (in) 40 kVp 0.03
0.13
0.06
0.40
60 kVp
0.11
0.25
0.34
0.87
80 kVp
0.19
0.42
0.64
1.4
100 kVp
0.24
0.60
0.80
2.0
125 kVp
0.27
0.76
0.90
2.5
150 kVp
0.28
0.86
0.95
2.8

9. X-Ray Attenuation of Lead Aprons
Equiv Thickness (mm Lead)
Wt (lb)
50 kVp
75 kVp
100 kVp
0.25
3-10 97 66 51
0.50
6-15
99.9 88 75
1.00
12-25 99 94

10. Weighting Factors for Various Types of Radiation
Type of Energy Range
Radiation Weighting Factor (Wr)
X- and gamma rays, electrons 1
Neutrons, energy
< 10 keV 5
10 keV to 100 keV 10
>100 keV to 2 MeV 20
> 2 MeV to 20 MeV
>20 MeV
Protons 2
Alpha particles

11. What’s Next?
Please close this PowerPoint presentation and then click Topic 3 to continue.