1. Atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.
Functional groups give the molecule personality.
Functional Group

2. Each functional group gives the molecule distinctive chemical & physical properties.
Molecules with functional groups contain at least one atom that is not C or H. Not hydrocarbons!
Functional Group

3. Names of molecules with functional group
Derived from the name of the hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms.
Names of molecules with functional group

4. Halides or halocarbons or alkyl halides
One or more H in an alkane is replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I).
General formula = R-X.
X is the halogen.
R is the alkyl branch.
Halides or halocarbons or alkyl halides

5. Likely to be polar molecules, unless very symmetric.
Dipole-dipole interactions.
Properties of Halides

6. Polar Molecules Have POLES.
The electron cloud is lop-sided. One end of molecule is electron-rich & the other electron-poor.
Dipole-dipole interactions.
Polar Molecules

7. Atoms in molecule have very different electronegativities.
Molecule is not symmetrically shaped.
Polar Molecules

8. Higher mp, bp, Hf, Hv than the corresponding alkanes.
Lower rate of evaporation & vapor pressure than the corresponding alkanes.
Properties of Halides

9. One or more hydrogens in a hydrocarbon replaced with an OH group.
General formula = R-OH.
The OH or hydroxyl group does NOT ionize in water.
Alcohols

10. Properties of Alcohols
NONelectrolytes. No H+ or OH- ions in solution.
Do NOT turn litmus red, etc.
Properties of Alcohols

11. Properties of Alcohols
Contain O-H bond. Molecules tend to be polar. Dissolve in water.
Hydrogen bonding takes place between alcohol molecules. Higher mp, bp than corresponding alkanes.
Properties of Alcohols

12. Replace final –e of corresponding alkane name with –ol.
Naming Alcohols

13. Classification of alcohols by number of -OH groups.
Monohydroxy: 1 -OH group.
Dihydroxy: 2 –OH groups.
Trihydroxy: 3 -OH groups.
Classification of alcohols by number of -OH groups.

14. Primary: OH group at end carbon. Secondary: OH group on middle carbon.
Tertiary: OH group at branch-point carbon.
Further classification of monohydroxy alcohols by carbon to which OH group attached.

15. Ethers Contain an O atom bridge connecting 2 alkyl branches.
General Formula: ROR‘
R & R‘ are alkyl groups (the 2 branches).
R & R‘ can be same or different.
Ethers

16. Tend to be nonpolar.
Properties of Ethers

17. Name branches alphabetically. Stick the word “ether” at the end.
Naming Ethers

18. C in a chain that has a double bond to an O. >C=O or C
Carbonyl Group

19. Contain a carbonyl group at the end of the chain.
Aldehydes

20. Replace final “e” of corresponding alkane name with “al.”
Naming Aldehydes

21. Contain a carbonyl group on a carbon atom inside the chain, not at the end.
Ketones

22. Replace final “e” of corresponding alkane name with “one.”
Naming Ketones

23. Carbonyl group is quite polar
Carbonyl group is quite polar. Tend to be soluble in both polar & nonpolar solvents.
Properties of ketones

24. Contain a –COOH group at the end of the molecule. -C-O-H
Organic Acids

25. The H in the –COOH group is acidic! -C-O-H
Organic Acids

26. Properties of organic acids
Turn litmus red.
Electrolytes!
-C-O-H O 
Properties of organic acids

27. Replace the final –e of the corresponding alkane name with “-oic acid”
Naming organic acids

28. Esters Contain 2 oxygens! Bridge O in the middle of the chain.
Carbonyl O right next door.
Esters

29. General formula of esters
R-CO-OR‘
R-C-O-R'
Bridge O
Carbonyl O O 
General formula of esters

30. Naming Esters Name alkyl branch next to bridge O.
Name branch with carbonyl group.
Replace –e of corresponding alkane name with -oate.
Naming Esters

31. Format of esterification rxn: Alcohol + Org. Acid  Ester + H2O
Formation of Esters

32. Formation of Esters H O H H H HCCOH + HOCCCH         
HCCOCCCH + H2O     H
H H H
Formation of Esters

33. Amines Replace H in an alkane with –NH2 group.
Replace final –e in alkane name with amine.
# gives location of NH2 group.
Analogous to alcohols
Amines

34. Properties of Amines Tend to smell really bad.
Contain N-H bond. Exhibit H-bonding between molecules.
Properties of Amines

35. Contain NH2 group bonded to a carbonyl group. General formula: R-C-NH2
Amides

36. Naming Amides Find name of corresponding alkane.
Drop final -e & add –amide.
Never need a # - Always at the end.
Naming Amides

37. Contain COOH group at end. C right next door has NH2 or amino group.
Amino Acids

38. Large molecules made of chains of smaller units covalently bonded together.
Polymer

39. Each individual unit of a polymer
Monomer

40. Reaction leading to formation of polymers
Polymerization