1. The Age of Nationalism
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2. In Italy… The Big 3… The consolidation…
~ Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi…
The consolidation…
~1848…1852…1859…1861…

3. In Germany…
The appointment of Bismarck and his “Blood and Iron” policy…
1867 – formation of North German Confederation…
1871 – formation of the German Empire…

4. In Austria – Hungary… The Compromise of 1867… ~ dual monarchy…
~ 1 Emperor…
~ common Dept. of Finance, Foreign Affairs, and War, but separate Parliaments, and PM…

5. In Tsarist Russia… Under Alex. II… The Emancipation Act of 1861…
~ reform and restructuring…
The Emancipation Act of 1861…
~ the beginning of the end for the crown?...
Under Alex. III…
~ taking back control…