1. Fluids: Bernoulli’s Principle November 12, 2010
PHYS16 – Lecture 30
On a windy day in 1735, a new wig gives Bernoulli an idea.
Fluids: Bernoulli’s Principle
November 12, 2010

2. Outline for Fluids Pressure and Pascal’s Principle
Buoyant Force and Archimedes’ Principle
Fluid dynamics
Ideal Fluids
Equation of Continuity
Bernoulli’s Equation

3. Revisiting Buoyant Force…

4. Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant force = the weight of the water displaced

5. Sink or Float? Floating requires buoyant force to equal gravity

6. Questions… Does the buoyant force change as you go deeper underwater?
Does the buoyant force change as you go higher in the atmosphere?
Is buoyant force on Diet Coke vs. Coke different? Will Diet Coke or Coke float higher?
No, assume constant density
Yes, changing density
Buoyant force is the same, gravitational force is differet so
Diet Coke floats higher…

7. Demo… Rock in boat Sinking boat Inverting weight + Styrofoam system
Copper ball vs. wood ball

8. Ideal Fluids

9. Ideal Fluids Incompressible – density is a constant
Nonviscous – ignore frictional effects
Irrotational – doesn’t rotate
Laminar – no acceleration
Streamlines represent fluid flow

10. Ideal Fluids Mass is conserved Energy is conserved
Momentum is conserved
Continuum hypothesis is true – properties defined at infinitesimal points (density, pressure, temperature, etc.)

11. Which fluids are ideal? Water Air Honey Blood
Water – can be turbulent (waterfall not ideal, ideal in a slow moving river)
Air – compressible (piston not ideal, ideal in a laminar wind)
Honey – viscous fluid such that drag forces can’t be neglected (Not usually ideal)
Blood – pulsatile flow, filled with proteins/cells (ideal in large arteries or veins, not capillaries)

12. Fluid Dynamics

13. Equation of Continuity
For an ideal fluid flowing in a pipe, the volume flow rate through the pipe is constant
Narrower section
Larger speed
Wider section
Smaller speed

14. Example: Water out of faucet
Why does the stream of water flowing from a faucet often get more narrow as the water falls?
Gravity accelerates water so velocity increases. If velocity goes up, then area goes down…

15. Example: Arterial branching
An artery branches into two smaller arteries, each with half the diameter of the first. What is the velocity in the smaller artery compared to the larger artery?
Half
Same
Twice
Four times

16. Bernoulli’s Equation
For an ideal fluid flowing in a pipe, pressure in the pipe is related to the velocity and height of fluid

17. Example: Two sheets in the wind?
What happens if I take two sheets of paper, separate them by 1” and blow between them?
A) sheets will move apart
B) sheets will come together
C) sheets will stay at same spots

18. Example: Blood Pressure
What would happen if the doctor took a blood pressure reading at the wrist instead of on the bicep?
Blood pressure would be higher
Blood pressure would be lower
Blood pressure would be the same

19. Example: Aneurysm
In an aneurysm the arterial wall weakens and the diameter increases. Why does this increase the chance of rupture?
A increases, v decreases,
P increases

20. Example: Water jets out of a bottle
Which jet will have the largest range? 1 2 3 4 5

21. Main Points Buoyant force
Ideal fluid is incompressible, laminar, nonviscous, and irrotational
Equation of continuity
Bernoulli’s Equation