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2. 10.1 Origin of Agriculture Agriculture Crop
Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
Crop
Any plant cultivated by people
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3. 10.1 Origin of Agriculture Hunters and gatherers Small groups
Male–female division of labor
Daily food gathering
Mobility
Only ~250,000 today
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4. 10.1 Origin of Agriculture HUNTERS AND GATHERERS
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5. 10.1 Origin of Agriculture Crop hearths Early centers of domestication
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6. 10.1 Origin of Agriculture Animal hearths
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7. 10.1 Origin of Agriculture Why agriculture originated
Environmental factors
Cultural factors
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8. 10.2 Diet Factors affecting food consumption Total consumption of food
Level of development
Physical conditions
Cultural preferences
Total consumption of food
Kilocalories
Most derived from grains
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9. 10.2 Diet DIETARY ENERGY BY SOURCE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 10.2 Diet WHEAT CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. 10.2 Diet RICE CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 10.2 Diet MAIZE CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 10.2 Diet YAM CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 10.2 Diet Sources of nutrients Protein PROTEIN BY SOURCE
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15. 10.2 Diet MEAT CONSUMPTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 10.2 Diet PROTEIN FROM MEAT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger Dietary energy needs
Needed average kcals: 1,800 kcals/day
Average global consumption: 2,780 kcals/day
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18. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
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19. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger HIGH CALORIE CONSUMPTION
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20. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger INCOME SPENT ON FOOD
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21. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger Undernourishment
Is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
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22. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger EXTENT OF UNDERNOURISEMENT
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23. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger SHARE OF WORLD’S 800 MILLION
UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE
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24. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger CHANGE IN NUMBER UNDERNOURISHED
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25. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger UNDERNOURISHMENT
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26. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger Africa’s food-supply struggle
Struggle to keep food production ahead of population growth
Food production per capita has changed very little in a half-century
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27. 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger POPULATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN AFRICA
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28. 10.4 Agriculture Regions Subsistence agriculture
Practiced in developing countries
Provides food for direct consumption for farmer and family
Commercial agriculture
Practiced in developed countries
Generates a surplus for sale off the farm to food- processing companies
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29. 10.4 Agriculture Regions SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
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30. 10.4 Agriculture Regions INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
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31. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
10.4 Agriculture Regions
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
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32. 10.4 Agriculture Regions MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK
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33. 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
Farm size
Commercial agriculture
Larger
Smaller number of farms
Mechanization
Largest amounts of capital
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34. 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
Percentage of farmers in society
Developed countries
~5 percent engaged in agriculture
Developing countries
~50 percent engaged in agriculture
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35. 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
LABOR FORCE ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE
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36. 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
Use of machinery
Developed countries
Heavy reliance on machinery rather than people or animals
Mass-produced farm machinery
Transportation aids commercial food distributions
Scientific advances to increase productivity
Electronics
GPS
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37. 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
FARMLAND PER TRACTOR
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38. 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
USE OF MACHINERY
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39. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Shifting cultivation
Slash-and-burn agriculture
Swidden, Milpa, ladang, chena, Kaingin
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40. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
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41. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Pastoral nomadism
Herding of domesticated animals
Adapted to dry climates
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42. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
PASTORAL NOMADISM
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43. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Intensive subsistence
Practiced in areas with high agricultural densities
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44. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
RICE PRODUCTION
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45. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING
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46. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
Plantation agriculture
Plantation
Form of commercial agriculture in developing regions that specializes in one or two crops
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47. 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions
SUGARCANE PLANTATION
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48. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
Mixed crop and livestock
Corn most common crop
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49. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
MAIZE (CORN) PRODUCTION
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50. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
Dairy farming
Milkshed
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
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51. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
MILK PRODUCTION
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52. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
MILK PRODUCTION
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53. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
Grain farming
Primarily for human consumption
Located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming
Example: Great Plains of North America
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54. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
WHEAT PRODUCTION
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55. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
Livestock ranching
Ranching: Commercial grazing of agriculture over an extensive area
Primarily practiced on arid or semi-arid lands
Contemporary ranching part of meat-processing industry
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56. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
MEAT PRODUCTION
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57. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
Commercial gardening and fruit farming
Truck farming
Predominant agriculture type in U.S. Southeast
Specialty Farming: Farmers grow crops that have limited but increasing demand
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58. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
COMMERCIAL GARDENING
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59. 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions
Mediterranean agriculture
Exists on lands that border the Mediterranean Sea and other places that share a similar physical geography
Two most important crops: olives and grapes
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60. 10.8 Fishing Fish production Aquaculture (aquafarming)
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
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61. 10.8 Fishing AQUACULTURE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

62. 10.8 Fishing FISH PRODUCTION © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. 10.8 Fishing FISHING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. 10.8 Fishing Fish consumption
In past half century fish consumption has doubled worldwide
Tripled in developing countries
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65. 10.8 Fishing MAJOR FISHING REGIONS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

66. 10.8 Fishing FISH CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA
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67. 10.8 Fishing PERCENT PROTEIN FROM FISH © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

68. 10.8 Fishing EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING AND AQUACULTURE
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69. 10.8 Fishing
Overfishing
The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce
90 percent reduction in some fish species
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70. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
Strategies for increasing food productivity
Expand agricultural land
11 percent of world’s land used for agriculture
Excessive or inadequate water makes expansion difficulty.
Expansion of agricultural land much slower than the increase of the human population.
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71. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
AGRICULTURAL LAND AND POPULATION GROWTH
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72. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)
Increase agricultural productivity
Green Revolution technologies
Norman Borlaug
Green Revolution responsible for preventing a food crisis in developing countries in 1970s and 1980s.
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73. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOME OF THE “GREEN REVOLUTION ”
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74. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)
Improve food sources
Higher protein cereal grains
Palatability of rarely consumed goods
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75. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
SOY PRODUCT
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76. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.)
Expand exports
Expand exports: trade in food has increased since
Three top export grains: wheat, corn, rice.
Four leading net exporters: Argentina, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the United States.
Four leading net importers: Japan, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
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77. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
WORLD FOOD EXPORTS
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78. 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth
TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
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79. 10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
Agribusiness
The system of commercial farming found in the developed countries
Von ThÜnen model explains importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms.
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80. 10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
VONTHÜNEN MODEL
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81. 10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
Productivity challenges
Increased yield per cow (dairy farming) has tripled.
Surplus leads to low incomes.
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82. 10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
DAIRY COWS
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83. 10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces
Government subsidies
Farmers are encouraged to produce crops that are in excess supply.
Government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low.
Government buys surplus production.
Sells or donates it
Developed countries: encouraged to grow less food
Developing countries: struggle to increase food production
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84. 10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality.
Sustainable agriculture and organic farming
Rely on sensitive land management
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85. 10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
SHAR E OF THE WORLD’S ORGANIC FARMING
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86. 10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
FARMLAND IN ORGANIC FARMING IN EUROPE
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87. 10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
Sensitive land management
Ridge tillage
System of planting crops on ridgetops
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88. 10.11 Sustainable Agriculture
Limited use of chemicals
Integrated crop and livestock
Head size and distribution
Animal confinement
Management in extreme weather
Flexible feeding and marketing
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89. Chapter Review Key Questions What do people eat?
How is agriculture distributed?
What challenges does agriculture face?
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