1. Ch. 7 Systems for Survival
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2. 7.1 Nutrients needed by plants and animals
Water
Food
Oxygen
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Sunlight
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3. What makes something living?
Growth
Repair worn and damaged tissue
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Energy
Nutrients
Water
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4. Image source: utexas.edu
Animals and Nutrition
Nutrients include:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats and oils
Vitamins
Minerals
water
When food is broken down energy is released.
Energy is used to power necessary activities.
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Animals and Nutrition
Carbohydrates: main (short term) energy supplying substance. Energy is released during cellular respiration.
Proteins: used to build new cells and tissues. Muscle is mostly made of protein. They may be used as Energy if necessary.
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Animals and Nutrition
Lipids (fats and oils): Energy (long term) rich foods. Used to store energy, for buoyancy, and insulation.
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Animals and Nutrition
Vitamins and minerals: not energy foods but still important for proper function of the cells. If not received in the right quantities the animal may become sick.
Water: about 70% of the body is made up of water. It is important for:
Chemical reactions
Transporting materials
Sweating and homeostasis
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8. Animals and Nutrition Foods can be grouped by their chemical nature.
Organic – containing carbon (C) (carbs, proteins, lipids, and vitamins)
Inorganic – do not contain C (water and minerals)

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Plants and Nutrition
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Plants need nutrients for photosynthesis.
CO2
Gases enter the leaf through the stomata.

10. Image source: Canyon Lake, TX - Marci Russell
Plants and Nutrition
Plants also need the green pigment, chlorophyll, to trap sunlight for photosynthesis.
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11. Plants and Nutrition
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Nutrients, such as Nitrogen, and mineral ions dissolve in water in the soil and enter the plant through the roots.
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Plants and Nutrition
Glucose is produced during photosynthesis and can be used in a variety of ways.
Making other nutrients (proteins and lipids)
Stored as starch, a carbohydrate (food source)
Energy
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13. Image source: en.wikipedia.org
Processing the Energy
Cellular Respiration:
Occurs in body cells
Oxygen is used to break down food.
Glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + H2O + energy
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14. Digesting Dinner
How does food that you eat get into your body cells (somatic cells)?
Digestion: the process of breaking down food particles into usable forms. Performed by the digestive system.

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Digesting Dinner
Mechanical Digestion: tearing food into smaller pieces.
In the mouth food is broken down using the tongue and teeth.
Muscles in organs of the digestive system churn up food and to help it move through the digestive system. (peristalsis)
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16. Digesting Dinner Chemical Digestion:
Changes the small food particles into smaller, simpler substances.
Occurs because of digestive juices, which contain enzymes (proteins that speed up chemical reactions).
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17. Digesting Dinner
Many animals have different digestive systems due to certain adaptations.
Toothed animals
Omnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
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18. Digesting Dinner: The guts of the matter
Chewing cud
Cellulose makes up the cell wall and is hard to digest so cows chew on this.
As rare as hens’ teeth!
In birds food leaves the stomach and goes to the gizzard which helps to crush and digest seeds. Earthworms also have this to digest soil. They also have a crop.
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19. Transport Systems in Animals
The Circulatory System:
The heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Blood transports nutrients to millions of body cells and waste out of the body.
How?
Circulatory System Bill Nye on the Heart (Part 1)

20. Transport Systems in Animals
The Heart:
Muscular pump that pumps blood around the body in order to transport nutrients and get rid of waste.
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21. Transport Systems in Animals
Blood Vessels:
Arteries carry blood away from the heart with high pressure.
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Capillaries are small (about 1 cell thick) and carry blood from arteries to veins delivering nutrients and picking up waste from the cells.
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22. Transport Systems in Animals
Blood:
Red Blood Cells carry oxygen
White blood cells fight infection and disease.
Platelets clot blood
Plasma carries nutrients from food, waste, and other substances like hormones.
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23. Image source: :http://withfriendship.com/user/mithunss/phloem.php
Pathways in plants
Diffusion – movement of molecules from high to low concentration (no energy required)
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24. Image source: :http://withfriendship.com/user/mithunss/phloem.php
Pathways in plants
Vascular Tissue:
Xylem – transports water and nutritents from roots to leaves (against gravity)
Phloem – transports sugars from leaves to other cells in the body.
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