1. From Cell to Organism: Focus on Plants
How do multicelled organisms (i.e. plants) use specialized cells to accomplish the same functions as a single cell, but on a larger scale?
How do transport systems move matter in, throughout, and out of plants?
What are the mechanisms that enable plants to respond to their environment?

2. Part 1

3. Specialized and Organized
Why do larger organisms have to be multicelled?

4. As cell size increases the SA/vol ratio decreases
As cell size increases the SA/vol ratio decreases. It takes too long for materials to diffuse in and out of large cells.

5. Organization MUST accompany cell specialization
O organelles
C cells
T tissue
O organ
S system

6. Multicellular vs Unicellular
What are the advantages to having a large structure with lots of cells?
Division of Labour
When a cell is specialized (performs a particular function), it is more effective and efficient.
A single-celled organism must multi-task (do many jobs).

7. Multicellular vs Unicellular
Size
The surface area to volume ratio and related rate of diffusion restricts growth in unicellular organisms.
Efficient transport systems within multicellular organisms allow for growth.

8. Multicellular vs Unicellular
Interdependence of Cells
A single-celled organism is dependent on that one cell.
If a multicellular organism loses a cell, the entire organism will not die. However, a cell not functioning properly (ex. cancerous) can cause problems for the rest of the organism.

9. As organisms grow larger they must become multicellular
As organisms grow larger they must become multicellular. • Different cells become SPECIALIZED to perform specific tasks • The organism must be ORGANIZED : OCTOS (organelle, cell, tissue, organ , system)

10. Plant Structure
Plants are multicellular: made of many parts, each with its own function – organized in increasing complex levels of organization
Tissues= group of cells performing same function together
Organs= tissues contributing to same function
System= group of interconnected organs (two in plants)
Shoot system  everything above ground
Root system  everything below ground and aerial roots

12. What about animals?
What are some examples of tissues, organs and systems in humans?
Ex. Heart/cardiac tissue  heart  circulatory system

13. Specialization of Cells
Once cells are no longer in the meristem, they will specialize
Produce products only for their function
The root and shoot systems are made up of 3 types of tissues:
Dermal Tissue (epidermis)
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue

14. Types of Tissue Dermal Tissue
Outer layer of cells that covers all herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
Responsible for exchange of matter and gases into and out of the plant.
Also protects the plant from disease. This is done by the cuticle (waxy substance), which resists attacks from micro-organisms and helps reduce water loss.

15. Types of Tissue Ground Tissue
Found underneath epidermis, it makes up majority of plant.
Provides strength and support to the plant (stem).
Involved in food and water storage (roots).
Location of photosynthesis (leaves).

16. Types of Tissue Vascular Tissue
Responsible for transport of material, which occurs in xylem tissue and phloem tissue

17. Vascular tissue
From: at 4:14

18. Vascular Bundles

19. Vascular Bundles