1. Sociology
HSB 4UI

2. What is Sociology?
The social science discipline that looks at the development and structure of human society and how it works
Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior (American Sociological Association)

3. Sociology Subject Matter:
Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.
All human behaviour is social so the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. (ASA)

4. The Roles we Play
We all play certain roles in our society – Social Scientists refer to this as “status”
Status is the term used to describe our position within an institution
eg. SJAM– There are many positions at SJAM ranging from teacher, vice-principal, guidance counselor, principal, department head, student and superintendent – Can you put them in order on the hierarchy?

5. Hierarchy
Hierarchy is the ranking system used in any particular environment based on authority to power
Each position or role requires a certain type of expertise which is valued by society
In order to distinguish between these roles people are expected to dress and act in a certain way
On any given day we can play many different roles in society – eg. A parent can drive their kids to school and then go to work and teach their students

6. Rules, Norms and Values
Values – Society carries with it a system of values. A particular set of values are assigned to each role. The practitioners of these roles are expected to accept and internalize these values.
Norms – These are rules set out for a particular role that are considered standard behaviour (eg. Catholic Priests are expected to be celibate)
Rules – These are developed by cultures based on their system of values

7. Deviance
Deviance – Any behaviour that is different from the societal norm. It is deviant because we, as a society, do not accept it
Deviance can range from simple eccentricities to behaviour that harms society or is considered disreputable
“We must not say that an action shocks the common conscience because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. We do not reprove (denounce) it because it is a crime, but it is a crime because we reprove it” Emile Durkheim

8. Kingston Penitentiary
Rehabilitation
Sociology has formed a strong link with the justice system
A fundamental component of modern imprisonment is rehabilitation, or trying to re-educate and re-socialize inmates so that they can grow to accept society’s values and norms
Thoughts????
Kingston Penitentiary

9. Schools of Thought in Sociology
Sociologists have debated among themselves about the real nature of society
As societies change and become more diverse sociologists need to consider cultural diversity when considering sociological issues

10. Sociology and Social Change
Sociologists focus on the major shifts in attitudes and behaviours of groups and whole societies. They see change as an inevitable process.
How does social change come about?
Is it patterned and predictable, or arbitrary and irregular?

11. Early Ideas Explaining Social Change
Decay: All societies begin in an ideal state and change is caused by disintegration or decline.
Ex. A move away from spirituality towards materialism is making our society less able to provide for and protect our citizens.
Cycles of Growth and Decay: Societies don’t head inevitably towards decay, but go through cycles of growth and decay. A variation of the first theory.
Progress: Each new society builds on the ideas and experiences of its predecessors, and social institutions change as a result.

12. Modern Sociological Approaches
Human behaviour is generally patterned and therefore predictable. Sociologists tend to look to one or more of four aspects to understand the direction of social change in societies.
Direction of Change:
Is it positive or negative, and who decides? Important to consider the different opinions regarding change.
Rate of Change:
Slow, moderate or fast?
Radical change over a short period, or slow, gradual change?
Is the rate changing?
What factors are affecting the rate?

13. Sources: Controllability:
What factors are behind the influences of change in a society?
Exogenous – influences from outside the society
Endogenous – influences from inside the society
Controllability:
Can social change be engineered or controlled? Restricted or encouraged?
Ex. Hutterite society restricts social behaviour and contact with outside world and is therefore still very traditional.
TLC’s Breaking Amish

14. Factors Affecting Change
Sociologists study some of the following factors when trying to understand social changes:
Tension and Adaptation
Accumulation
Diffusion of Innovations
Geography
External Events
Cultural Pluralism
Technology
Elite Groups/Leadership
Colonization
Capitalism
Minority Groups