1. Checkpoint Answers
Test 2
Chapters 7, 8, 9

2. Checkpoint 1 (7, part 1)
1. The brain and spinal cord comprise the  *A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.
2. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the CNS.  false
3. Sensory neurons  A. are multipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. *B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. C. are bipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS. D. are multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.
4. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have similar functions. true
5. Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the myelin sheath as well as glial scars. true
6. The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of __________, a type of glial cell.  A. ependymal cells B. microglia *C. astrocytes D. oligodendrocytes

3. Checkpoint 2 (7, part 1)
1. All cells have a membrane potential. true
2. What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations?  A. after-hyperpolarization B. all-or-none-law *C. Na+/K+ pump D. refractory period
3. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____K+_____ ions than _____Na+_____ ions. 
4. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the _threshold__
5. Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by _large__ _myelinated_ axons

4. Checkpoint 3 (7, part 1)
1. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells.
2. Electrical synapses are functionally linked by tight junctions. (F)
3. Neurotransmitter release can be inhibited by blocking Ca+ channels in the postsynaptic cell. (F)
4. Once an EPSP is created on the postsynaptic neuron, a new action potential is produced down the axon. (F)

5. Checkpoint 1 (7, part 2)
1. The nicotinic Ach receptor is a ligand-gated channel. T
2. Muscarinic Ach receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT  *A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. cardiac muscle D. glands
3. Nicotinic receptors utilize G-proteins to regulate the opening of ion channels.  F
4. Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to _nicotinic_ receptors and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to some _muscarinic_ receptors. 
5. Curare is a competitive ACh antagonist at _nicotinic_ ACh receptors. 

6. Checkpoint 2 (7, part 2)
1. Which of the following is NOT classified as a catecholamine?  A. norepinephrine B. epinephrine *C. histamine D. dopamine
2. What amino acid are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine derived from?  Tyrosine
3. Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is an important neurotransmitter.  T
4. The nigrostriatal dopamine system is located in part of the midbrain known as the substantia nigra and is degenerated in the disease myasthenia gravis.  F
5. Which of the following is NOT true of norepinephrine?  A. released in both the CNS and PNS B. released by sympathetic neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands C. amphetamines stimulate norepinephrine pathways *D. causes depression in the CNS

7. Checkpoint 3 (7, part 2)
1. Glycine and GABA stimulate opening of Cl- channels.  T
2. The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is  A. glycine. B. acetylcholine. C. serotonin. *D. GABA.
3. Endogenous cannabinoids have effects similar to the active ingredient in  A. cocaine. B. nicotine. C. amphetamines. *D. marijuana.
4. Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be stimulated by excessive ________ activity.  *A. nitric oxide B. ACh C. norepinephrine D. glutamate

8. Checkpoint 4 (7, part 2)
1. Spatial summation  A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. *B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
2. Temporal summation  *A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
3. What causes presynaptic inhibition?  A. inactivation of Ca2+ channels B. a second neuron causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release from another neuron C. axoaxonic synapses *D. All of the choices are correct.

9. Checkpoint 1 (Ch 8)
1. The cerebral cortex is made up of both gray and white matter. False
2. Damage to the parietal lobe of the cerebrum would impair somatesthetic interpretation.  T
3. Mirror neurons are found in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and Broca's motor speech area; and are connected to the limbic system through the insula.  T
4. A record of the electrical currents of the cerebral cortex is a/an  A. computed tomograph. *B. electroencephalogram. C. magnetic resonance image. D. positron-emission tomograph.
5. During ______________ sleep, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur.  *A. REM B. deep C. nonREM D. dozing
6. Which type of sleep pattern may aid the consolidation of memory?  A. REM *B. nonREM

10. Checkpoint 2 (Ch 8)
1. Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT associated with cerebral nuclei function?  A. dopamine B. GABA *C. acetylcholine D. glutamate
2. Destruction of Wernicke's area destroys language comprehension.  T
3. Damage to the limbic system may result in an absence of fear.  T
4. Knowing how to tie your shoes is an example of _____ memory.  A. episodic B. declarative *C. nondeclarative D. working
5. What type of memory is involved in learning all this material about memory?  *A. semantic B. implicit C. episodic D. procedural

11. Checkpoint 3 (Ch 8)
1. The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the  A. pons. *B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. medulla oblongata.
2. The liver, heart, and kidneys have a circadian rhythm.  T
3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?  A. controls hunger and thirst *B. controls motor coordination C. controls body temperature D. controls the autonomic nervous system

12. Checkpoint 4 (Ch 8)
1. Destruction of the superior colliculi would impact an individual's hearing.  F
2. The _pons_ and _cerebellum_ comprise the metencephalon. 
3. The right side of the brain controls motor activity on the left side of the body because nerve tracts decussate in the  A. pons. B. midbrain. C. thalamus. *D. medulla.
4. Failure of the RAS would result in the disorder known as _narcolepsy_.

13. Checkpoint 5 (Ch 8)
1. In the spinal cord the gray matter is on the _____ and the white matter is on the ___.  A. outside, inside *B. inside, outside
2. Sensory impulses associated with crude touch and pressure are transmitted by the posterior spinocerebellar tracts to the thalamus.  F
3. Descending tracts carry motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.  T
4. Which tracts are NOT part of the extrapyramidal motor tracts?  A. vestibulospinal *B. corticospinal C. rubrospinal D. reticulospinal

14. Checkpoint 6 (Ch 8)
1. The 3 cranial nerves with only sensory fibers are: _olfactory_, _optic_ and _vestibulocochlear_.
2. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and _31_ pairs of spinal nerves. 
3. All spinal nerves are mixed.  T
4. What is the first structure of a reflex arc?  A. effector *B. receptor C. sensory neuron D. motor neuron

15. Checkpoint 1 (Ch 9)
1. Autonomic motor neurons leaving the spinal cord synapse once prior to synapsing with the target organ.  TRUE
2. Where do autonomic postganglionic neurons originate?  A. hindbrain B. gray matter of spinal cord *C. peripheral ganglia D. All of the choices are correct.
3. Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system is always inhibitory.  FALSE
4. Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs while _autonomic_ motor neurons must synapse on or with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors.

16. Checkpoint 2 (Ch 9)
1. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.  False
2. The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _sympathetic_ division of the autonomic nervous system, while terminal ganglia are associated with the _parasympathetic_ division. 
3. Mass activation is a property of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. False
4. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers (axons) are relatively long, while postganglionic sympathetic fibers (axons) are short. False
5. _Terminal_ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. 

17. Checkpoint 3 (Ch9)
1. Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.  False
2. Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation? Sympathetic
3. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? Parasympathetic
4. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine and ACh while the sympathetic division utilizes ACh only at its synapses. (F)
5. "Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter  A. from the axon terminal. B. only when receptors pass over the axon. *C. along the length of the axon. D. from the soma.